THE DREAM ACT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE DREAM ACT - Essay Example ve become the victims of government deportation due to their illegal immigrant status in the United States and have found themselves in very different environments from what they know, not able to fit in the culture, and not knowing the languages of the countries in which they were born but not raised. This has been a gross injustice on the part of the American government because whichever way they got to America, these so called illegal immigrants are still American through culture, language, and thought, and should be recognized as such. The Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act is a bipartisan legislation that was pioneered by the Republican senator Orin Hatch and Democrat senator Richard Durbin, with the intention of solving this injustice in the American society. Under its provisions, qualifying undocumented youth would be eligible for a six year long process which would require them to complete a college degree or to serve at least two years in the military, and would eventually lead to their gaining American citizenship. This piece of legislation has come up twice for a vote in the senate, once in 2007 and again in 2010, but both times, it has failed to pass. In June 2012, the Obama administration issued a policy directive which would make over a million young people who were brought to the United States illegally as children free from deportation proceedings and which would make them eligible to get work permits. The government had been under considerable pressure from various circles to take action on behalf of those young immigrants due to the fact that Congress had been deeply split about the DREAM Act legislation. Furthermore, since this is an election year, this move by the Obama administration was most likely aimed at securing the votes of Latino voters, considering that the bulk of those would have been deported if this policy had not been put in place would have been Latino. According to Welner, K and Chi, W (178) every

Material Science Essay Example for Free

Material Science Essay Abstract In this assignment I will be defining the 3 essential properties of every material and describing those. I would also be describing how silicon-based semiconductors revolutionized computing. I will also define what microchips are and how they relate to integrate circuits. Since the pressing questions about the increasing ability of computers to quickly process large amounts of information is whether a computer can be built that is considered â€Å"alive† or â€Å"conscious.† I will also be defining artificial intelligence and telling the difference between the human brain and the central processing unit of a computer. Material Science There are three essential properties of every material that scientists use as a foundation for most every study. First it is the kind of atoms that is made up from the material. There are the neutral elements and the compound elements. The neutral elements would have the identical amount of protons and electrons; this would essentially terminate one another, which would leave the protons and electrons neutral. The compound element is when there is a combination of more than one element. The atoms are second in the way that they are arranged. A great way to explain this is by relating atoms of liquid and atoms of solids. For example the atoms of liquids move around allowing the atoms of solids which are packed together. The way that atoms are attached together is number three. These are the key properties when understanding the study of materials. The strong point of the material, this is the capability to endure forces being useful to it without breaking, this is first. The materials elasticity is second, which is the capability to flex while returning to its original form. Number three is the materials plasticity; this is the ability to change its shape forever. Thanks to the starter of semiconductors, computers have developed over a billion times faster than one of the first built in 1946 (ENIAC). Describe how silicon-based semiconductors revolutionized computing. Since silicone semiconductors are capable to move easily through the solid component it is more proficient than copper based conductors. Silicone based conductor’s makes holes which produces and fills a space constantly. This means electrons jump from one atom to another. This will also change the silicon through a process called doping by adding either phosphorus or aluminum the desired effect is achieved. When adding phosphorus to silicon it develops n-type which is negative-semiconductor. When adding aluminum to silicone it develops p-type semiconductors. These are both essential parts functions efficient electrical devices microchips, which are used in computers. Microchips are positive and negative type semiconductors. Microchips do a detailed function. A microchip is individual diodes and transistors will play a big part of the essential function in modern electronics, although these strategies have been mainly replaced by much more complex arrays of P- and N- kind semiconductors, known as microchips. Microchips may join hundreds or thousands of transistors in one integrated circuit, particularly intended to do a specific role. They are related to integrated circuits this is why. Combined circuits (microchips) are the main component in devices such as microwave calculators, and other devices. An integrated circuit microprocessor lies on modern technology. Modern technology is occupied with electrical integrated circuits. Such as, Televisions, MP3 players and computers all contain integrated circuit which allows them to perform specific functions. Also known as microchips or microprocessors, these circuits keep track of all the information being transferred within the device, in essence giving it life. Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce are both who take credit with inventing the integrated circuit, both coming up with the idea within a year of each other while working for separate companies. Artificial Intelligence is a division of science which deals with helping machines and finds explanations to complex problems in a more human like manner. This normally contains borrowing features from human intelligence, and applying them as procedures in a computer friendly way. A more or less well-organized approach can be taken depending on the necessities recognized, which impacts how artificial the intelligent performance seems. (http://ai-depot.com/Intro.html) The 2 essential differences between human brains and the central processing unit of a computer is the brain-computer metaphor has served intellectual psychology well, research in intellectual neuroscience has revealed many significant changes between brains and computers. Escalating these differences may be crucial to understanding the mechanisms of neural information processing, and eventually for the creation of artificial intelligence. (http://scienceblogs.com/developingintelligence/2007/03/27/why-the-brain-is-not-like-a-co/) One difference is that brains are analogue and computers are digital. For instance one of the primary devices of information communication appears to be the amount at which neurons fire a fundamentally unbroken variable. Likewise, networks of neurons can fire in relative synchrony or in relative confusion; the coherence affects the strength of the signals received by downstream neurons. Lastly, inside each and every neuron is a leaky integrator circuit, composed of a diversity of ion channels and endlessly changing membrane potentials. (http://scienceblogs.com/developingintelligence/2007/03/27/why-the-brain-is-not-like-a-co/) Another difference is short-term memory is not like RAM. While the superficial similarities between RAM and short-term memory encouraged many early intellectual psychologists, a closer examination reveals strikingly important differences. Although RAM and short-term memory both seem to required power, short-term seems to hold only to long-term memory however. RAM holds data that is Isomorphic which is having similar appearance but different ancestry. Not like RAM, the capacity limit of short-term memory is not fixed, the capacity of short-term memory seems to vary with differences in processing speed as well as with expertise and understanding. (http://scienceblogs.com/developingintelligence/2007/03/27/why-the-brain-is-not-like-a-co/)

Elderly Person :: History

Elderly Person Chang Sing Lok, also know as Uncle Lok is famous for his mouth watering â€Å"Chau Kuey Teows† which is a kind of fried noodles. He is very well known in Taman University, Petaling Jaya for his exquisite dish. He was born on March 23, 1926 at ShenYang, eastern China and he was brought up there until the age of 9. He is the youngest of the six children in the family and that is why his parents named his last name as Lok, which means six in Cantonese. He is from a poor family. His father was a cook and his mother was a maid. Both parents served a rich family in ShenYang. He was brought up in a village and he spent his formative years nurtured by the humble, traditional values of Chinese village life. He lived with his family in a typical wooden house and the crystal clear water of the stream nearby his house was made his playground. As years passed, the World War II occurred. The Japanese army invaded most of the eastern part of China. At that time, most of the citizens of China had migrated to the other countries since they could not suffer the hardness of life in China. Chang Sing Lok had also decided to migrate to ‘Tanah Melayu’. So he came to ‘Tanah Melayu’ with about a hundred of others Chinese who had decided to migrate to ‘Tanah Melayu’ too by a very old style ship. At first, life was not very good and not stable since he had not get any job. It was because there are too many labour sources in ‘Tanah Melayu’ at that time. Furthermore, he was also too young for any heavy job. Finally, he got a job at a Chinese restaurant as a cleaner. He helped the employer to cleanup the entire restaurant as well as washing all the plates. It was there he first started gaining knowledge of cooking. At that time, he had a negative attitude towards the past, as he had went through lots of difficulties and struggled his way through World War II, where he had lost his family, friends and property. But he had a more positive attitude towards the future. According to him, future is the continuity of the present and if he succeeds in his present life, he believed that the future would be better for him as well as his family.

Death Penalty: Pros and Cons Essay

Capital punishment has been the center of much controversy dating back to its origins. Although the roots of capital punishment can be traced as far back as 1697 BC, arguments over its effectiveness and morality continue in the midst of its existence today. There are many people who have come up with arguments for both sides. Most people who believe that the death penalty is a fair punishment use the argument, â€Å"lex talionis†, meaning, â€Å"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, an arm for an arm, a life for a life.† (Hooker). While most people who are in opposition use the argument that capital punishment is a cruel and unusual punishment which violates the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution. Today, in the United States, there are approximately 3,624 people on death row. (Pro-death Penalty.com) Throughout history there have been many methods of executing criminals. Some of these methods are crucifixion, stoning, drowning, burning at the stake, impaling and beheading. But more modern methods of capital punishment are typically accomplished by lethal gas or injection, electrocution, hanging or shooting. The argument over the brutality of capital punishment is at the head of topics concerning it as a whole. These arguments are also not only centered in The United States but all over the world as well. About 90 nations have denounced capital punishment by abolishing it, but almost an equal amount of nations retain it (MSN Encarta). Capital punishment remains legal in all but twelve states. Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia and Wisconsin all do not use the death penalty. (Pro-death Penalty.com) Many people feel that the death penalty is cruel as well as an ineffective crime deterrent. But the most successful argument that is used against the death penalty is that it infringes the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution. Another argument against capital punishment is that people who are innocent may be killed. Life without parole is one. A lengthy sentence with treatment, with release conditional upon proof of rehabilitation, is another† (Williams). The people who are opposed to taking the life of a convicted murderer do not believe that premeditated, state-sanctioned killing is justifiable under any circumstances. They also refute the idea that the death penalty deters crime. Some states say that a person will stop  themselves from killing or committing a crime if, in the back of their minds, they know that the punishment for their actions could be the death penalty. Statistics have shown that the states that use the death penalty have a higher crime rate than those with out it. The chance that a person who has been convicted of the death penalty is innocent is also a factor. This causes much controversy because innocent lives are taken and it could have been prevented. Lastly, opponents of the death penalty say that when the states execute killers in an attempt to proclaim that murder is wrong, they undermine their own, moral authority. On the other side of the argument, people claim that capital punishment is a deterrent for future criminals, a proportionate punishment for those who have killed, and it is also said to be less harsh than life imprisonment because it is quick and instantaneous. Ernest Van den Haag contended that human beings are morally responsible for their actions and should therefore be punished accordingly for their crimes (Williams). The definition for justice is â€Å"fair treatment† (Stewart). In the case of premeditated murder, capital punishment is the only just punishment. Nothing less of the death penalty would be proportionate to murder. Immanuel Kant argues that â€Å"even guilty-ridden killers should die in order to gain release from their anguish.† (Williams) The fact that a convicted murderer has the chance to live while their victim is dead is unfair. Why is that they are able to take an innocent life and then live to tell about it? Execution is even more humane than sentencing someone to life in prison. Making the prisoner suffer by rotting in jail for the rest of their life is more torturous and inhumane than execution. The people who favor execution also claim that it is the most effective means of crime deterrence. Most people think about the consequences to their actions before they actually follow through with what they are thinking. Capital punishment not only punishes those who commit the crimes, but also prevents future crimes by scaring the would-be murderer with the consequence he would pay for his action. In the end, the main support for capital punishment comes from one Greek phrase, â€Å"lex talionis,† meaning, â€Å"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, an arm for an arm, a life for a life.† When it comes to capital punishment, most people find themselves wondering if it is a fair and effective punishment. Arguments for both sides are very strong. Those who oppose the death penalty fight against it because they think it is unfair and unjust. They also believe that no one should have their lives taken away as a punishment. They also believe that the argument that capital punishment is an effective deterrent to crime is invalid. Because only fractions of people on death row are actually executed, most criminals would take the chance. They also believe that life imprisonment is as much of a deterrent as the death penalty. People on the other end of the argument believe in criminals receiving equal punishment for the crime that they commit. The only punishment in proportion to murder is execution. The United States government has many regulations regarding the death penalty. All of those rules oppose using the death penalty in an unfair manner, but do not prohibit the death penalty completely so we should try to use the death penalty for those who deserve it. Works Cited MSN Encarta Encyclopedia. (2003). Capital punishment. March 3, 2003: http://www.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761570630 Stewart, G. (1998). The death penalty. San Diego: Greenhaven Press Inc. Williams, M. (2000). Capital punishment. San Diego: Greenhaven Press Inc. Williams, M. (2002). The death penalty. San Diego: Greenhaven Press Inc. www.pro-death Penalty.com (2003).

Youth Culture And The School Of Rock

The movie School of Rock is a film that revolves around a first class pseudo rockstar and bogus school teacher which Jack Black portrays in the film whose exploits to find a temporary way to earn money took him inside the classroom of a prestigious grade school which he transformed from an avenue of academic learning towards his very own band practice and rehearsal studio, complete with a new set of band mates to replace the ones that dumped him at the early part of the film (Christian Spotlight on Entertainment, 2003). The movie takes a spin on education, and how it is important to teach students not just the sciences, math, history, English, literature, art and current events, but as well as the craft in looking more inwardly and less outwardly. While the seemingly unnoticeable improbable areas of the movie was not sought by most viewers, the poor manner by which the principal hires teachers which proves potent in jeopardizing the school’s erstwhile good standing and high esteem is highly improbable considering that the protocol for hiring could have immediately alerted the principal about the fraudulent effort of Black. But because of the effort to justify the point of the creators of School of Rock, viewers are forced to accept the fictional situation Black was into to see how both plot and conflict progresses towards the impending climax of the movie that threads the borderline separating propriety from rebellious attitude, norms and deviance, piety and blasphemy, and the overall outlook of what is right and wrong. I. The extent of the critique that the movie School of Rock provided when it comes to criticizing the existing youth culture as portrayed in the movie can be found in the manner by which that particular age (prep school) was portrayed – including all of the noticeable characteristics of the age group the most important of which is compliance and being overly impressionable. Obviously, the aim of the movie is to glorify rock n roll, and one of the most dedicated soldier of rock n roll – Jack Black – was sent on another mission to educate the modern day heathens of rock n roll by describing children inside prep schools as nothing but geeks, grade-conscious smart alecks, bullies and insecure individuals. That is the main premise of the critique of the movie about the existing youth culture today, but that does not seem to be consistent with the current youth lifestyle. Thanks to technology, music became alive in the digital sphere, and can be accessed more conveniently. Real-world kids with the same age and profile as the kids presented in the movie may have their Ipods on most of the time in between class lessons and at home, their Internet powered computers make them closer to more rock music and rock n roll culture. They listen to rap-metal bands like Linkin Park, Limp Bizkit and punk rockers like Avril Lavigne and Green Day. In the age of MTV, they do not just get to listen to their rock idols; they also get to see them even when there are no scheduled concerts. Because of this, the attack of the movie on the existing youth culture and how it is bereft of rock can be merely deduced into something that the movie presumes. Youth culture is generally the result of the influence of the adults that surround a particular youth and influence him or her either by directly shaping the behavior through conscious actions or efforts or as a result of how a particular youth’s subconscious mind reacts to the experience he or she shares with a person, ultimately creating influence in the youth’s mind and the culture to which it responds and reacts to. Most of the parents portrayed in the film are consistently admonishing their kids to focus on studies and make little time for less important things, like playing the musical instrument and later on, listening to rock n roll albums (Sweat, 2008). The movie illustrates the situation of the youth and the adults when it comes to culture building and cultivating – the youth are generally in a greater position to be left without any other options or alternatives towards what culture to embrace, and that is why there are those who are subservient to the culture that is introduced to the youth. In the movie School of Rock, the prevailing youth culture among the students is a culture that is characterized by the desire to learn, the desire to please the parents with good grades, the desire to go with the existing school program not generally because they were forced to like it but because they were left with very little choice in the options detailing the culture they may and can embrace, a situation that changed when Black arrived (Christian Spotlight on Entertainment, 2003). Characters like Summer Hathaway illustrate the fact that while being submerged in a culture that leaves very little option for variety, selection and the exercise of free will, that still, there is a very good way of making the most of what is being presented to the individual and come out from that experience a better person. The movie did not indicate that the children have bad parents; it just so happen that they did not know rock n roll in any of its types of forms that made the infusion of rock in their new school life as a totally exciting and new experience. The culture of subservience and the characteristic of the students to adapt is the existing youth culture; rock and roll was not the symbolic youth culture – it was the fact that sooner of later a new influence will be introduced to the youth and to the existing culture and this new idea/belief/system will either replace the old culture or assimilate itself to the old culture and create an entirely new and different culture. What happened to the students of School of Rock is the experiencing of the culture change that underwent transformation via the assimilation of a new idea/culture; when they learned how to enjoy rock, the change generally affected the outlook and not the aspects of the student/youth’s life that characterizes the complete taking over of a new culture – remember that music is already part of the youth culture embraced by these children in the movie, as portrayed and established early in the film (Christian Spotlight on Entertainment, 2003). They were excellent musicians who were all oddly enough exposed to classical music and a dose of pop music that included Christina Aguilera and Puff Daddy. And more importantly, they did not slack from studying and that the new musical education was showed as something that the parents later on happily integrated to the culture of their children, and it goes to show that music is not the blanket culture but a section of the culture that is generally about malleability in adjusting to the changing times. There are areas in the American youth culture criticism of the movie towards real life situation that is generally done in poor taste, particularly how some of the students were made to represent stereotyped characters in a modern day grade school – Lawrence, who was an Asian American student was stereotyped as the Asian geek; Billy was a gay stereotype (note the reference to Lisa Minnelli, another effort at stereotyping), a particular aspect of the movie that was also noticed by individuals making comments about the movie in the Christian Spotlight on Entertainment website. All in all, the extent of the critique included the criticism on the use of extreme rigidity to make students obedient, compliant and disciplined which may not be necessary now since more and more schools are now taking a different approach towards a more liberal take on music as well as of life and how these are integrated in the overall holistic approach towards an improved way of student self development. There was also an area in the criticism of the youth culture via the use of the movie that defeats itself – youth culture today is not in need of an out of the box experience to be able to experience pop culture because youth is pop culture, and rock n roll is not a musical elitists anymore that the youth are ignorant about it and the parents of the students are disturbed by the impact of rock n roll to the youth and the assimilation of this type of music to the youth culture. Somehow, the writer and the director of the film made poor research about the drastic change in the personality of rock and how it has crossed towards becoming a mainstream entity that it is today – is rock music is indeed something that does not go well with learning and studying, then why is there a product called Multiplication Rock, wherein the lessons in mathematics are taught using rock music? Why are there products like Toddlers Sing Rock N Roll which is being distributed as a for sale items that parents enjoy and even recommend having? Why is the discussion on rock n roll and the links to related articles found in educational and learning support websites like Lee’s Summit? II. The movie, however focused on the rockstar dreams of the character of Jack Black, put a serious statement regarding the perceived ‘stiffness’, strictness and lack in personality found in some of the schools in America. In the movie, it was clear that prior to Black’s entry to the school system, the students are characterized as compliant to the system, and it was only Black and his effort to teach the kids rock n roll that became the avenue to which the students learned to infuse personal decision and personal direction in how their lives will shape out, and not depend entirely on the system that is designed to make them compliant and obedient members of the society (Christian Spotlight on Entertainment, 2003). Black was trying to teach the kids one of the basic tenets of rock n roll, and that is the characteristic that allows for the constant challenging of the norms, which, according to Black, was an action that is known as ‘sticking it out to the man’. Rock n roll was the instrument that Black used so that the students were made aware of the fact that it is important to known one’s self and reconcile one’s self with the realities in life. The effect manifested itself later on in the movie – there were go-getters and self expression was unhampered by the consideration that they should first please other people and consider first their opinion and say. Because of the breaking of the cycle that makes students compliant through the influence of the school system, some members of the class started understanding themselves and making reality check on their mindset. Music was an effective tool because unlike the other aspects of the youth culture imposed and forced upon them, music is not force-fed to them; it was continuously opening new doors that allowed for many personal conflicts and personal problems to be addressed. The character Zack Mooneyham found rock n roll as an effective way for him to express his artistic side by not just covering songs but also by getting the chance to write and play songs which he himself wrote; the character Freddy Jones managed to re-direct his anger and obvious penchant for hostility by becoming a full fledged drummer and percussionist; Tomika managed to overcome her insecurity about her weight problem while the rest of the band's support crew showed marked excellence in their particular assignment during the performance night. This may not be included in the curriculum, but the children are learning different new things in a different way. III. The movie also indicated how much influence school is, not just in providing an avenue wherein the students can harness their economically viable skills which they can use when they grow up and become members of the workforce, it also showed that the experiences of a student inside the school, as well as the culture wherein a student is a part of, are crucial factors in the formation of the cognition and drive of the student towards what he or she wanted to become as a member of the workforce. Brian Falduto's character already knew what he can and cannot do, and the rock project allowed for him to showcase his potential. This was the case of Summer, who was also showing inclination in making the managing of the band a serious business that can lead to a full time career in the future. While these may all be temporary for these fictional characters, the point is that rock n roll gave the students a chance so that they themselves can see what they wanted to do most probably when they grow up, and get a crack at that with a head start this early. The authoritarian conflict that the students are already subjected to even when Black was not even in their lives was mirrored by Black’s identical authoritarian leadership when he came into the lives of the students, which was in irony about the fact that Black’s character was all about going against the system and sticking it to the man. But Black nonetheless proved to be the tipping point for the students who, through the short course of time they were together prior to the battle of the bands, were already showing signs of skills and competencies that they may or may not use as part of their professional capacity range once they started their active participation in the work and labor strata. Conclusion – It is easily understandable that what Black was hinting on is that the youth culture of today is bereft of the impact and influence of old school rock artists, and it is because of Black’s puritan outlook that School of Rock has become less and less of an effort to show how music influences lives and instead becoming the one man act of the shoving of Black of a particular type of music from a particular era of rock to kids who are exposed to the rock music of their age and time. Black was worshiping his particular understanding of rock n roll so much that the criticism for youth culture did not have enough legs to stand on – it was being attacked by a work of fiction that does not engender musical heterogeneity, which was made obvious during the time when Black showed intolerance to the mere mention of musical artists who are not included in his rock n roll list. Black and his character was a snob, and at the end, he showed how he is not a teacher one bit by showing very poor characteristics and capabilities that is necessary for effective teaching. In retrospect, the movie seemed like a criticism about the lifestyle of rock n roll puritans who cannot and would not go anywhere because of the culture that they imbibe. The kids, it turned out, are all right after all – the question is, can they say the same thing for the character of Black in the movie and his own culture? Maybe what needs a serious scrutiny and criticism is the youth culture of people like Black’s character in the movie. They should stop seeing grade school student as idiots and innocents when it comes to music and perhaps with that, they may be able to provide a more youth culture critique.

Concept of Product Life Cycle Essays

Concept of Product Life Cycle Essays Concept of Product Life Cycle Paper Concept of Product Life Cycle Paper Essay Topic: Marketing The concept of the product life cycle (PLC) is one of major tools used in developing marketing strategy. This theory is more and more popular in recent years, because many marketers desire for a tool to help them understand the products development which means all products have their own life time as they eventually decline and disappear. Based on that understanding of the product, the marketers can adapt their marketing strategy and find a new product to replace the dying one. According to Brassington and Pettitt (2003), the PLC concept explains the life of a product in terms of birth, growth, maturity, decline and eventual death which is based on the assumption that the product has a life like a human. During its life, the product goes through different stages, and in each stage it has different performance in the market which includes different market growth rates and different competitive conditions. This implies the marketer must set up different marketin g strategy for each stage to suit for the development of product. The aim of this essay is to discuss the concept of product life cycle which can give the marketer some basic information about this popular concept. Firstly, the general background of the product life cycle is given which includes the concept and the stages of PLC. Secondly, the strengths and weaknesses of the product life cycle are discussed. At the same time, some recommendations to mitigate the negative influences of the product life cycle are presented. Finally, a general conclusion is draw. Concept of Product Life Cycle The concept of PLC is a useful marketing tool to describe the change of the sale for the product during its lifetime. According to Armstrong and Kotler (2000), product life cycle (PLC) is the course of a products sales and profits over its lifetime. The product life cycle is a useful concept to describe how products develop from first introduction into the market to eventual obsolescence. The theory is that products, like living things, have a natural life cycle beginning with introduction, going through a growth phase, reaching maturity, then going into decline, and finally becoming obsolete (Blythe, J. 2001). The classic PLC involves four distinct stages: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline (Jobber, D. 1998). But Blythe (2001) thought there are five major stages of PLC, which are product development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. In this essay, the product development is introduced firstly which is seen as the first and necessary stage in product development process. The reason is explained in the following section. At the product development stage, it begins when the company recognises the customer need for a special product. Then the company design and develop the new-product idea based on that demand. During the stage of product development, sales are zero and the companys investment costs mount (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). Although it seems useless to analyse the sale and cost in this stage, it is still a very important part of a product life cycle. Its length will affect the whole cycle in some way. Then, the product enter into introduction stage which the company push the product into markets. In this stage, only the marketers understand the characteristics of this stage, they can make the right decision about the product strategy which is suitable for the new product. Because the recognition of customer for the new product needs a period, this introduction stage is a period of slow sales growth as the product is just introduced in the market. Profits are negative because of the low sales and the huge expense in advertising and promotion. Advertising and promotion are the key activities for business to attract the customer to try the new product. That huge investment is reasonable and necessary. And also the company needs to consider the investment to attract the distributors and build the inventory. At the same time, it is few competitors at this stage. If the new product satisfies the market, it will enter a growth stage, which is a period of rapid market acceptance and increasing profits (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). At the beginning of this stage, the sale and profit grow quickly. More and more customers accept the product and buy it, the investment of promotion and advertising is lower than the introduction stage. And market share is increased accordingly and quickly. At the same time, more and more companies recognise the product has big profit. Therefore, more and more competitors enter into this market. After the development of the market, profits may become to decline in the end period of growth stage as more competitors enter the market, driving prices down and creating the need for heavy promotional expenses (Jobber, D. 1998). In this stage, company has to choose between the high market share and high profit when they make the strategy decision. Fourthly, when the sale growth is slowdown, the product enters to the maturity stage of its PLC because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. Dibb and Simkin (1997) thought that this stage is characterized by severe competition, with many brands in the market. Competitors use many different strategies to gain the market share such as product improvements, advertising, sales promotion, dealer discount and price cutting. Finally, decline stage is the period when sales show fall off and profits erode (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). According to Jobber (1998), sales and profits fall during this stage as new technology or changes in consumer tastes work to reduce demand for the product. In this stage, the market lost interest in this product and the companies are unable to up-grade and support it. Therefore, marketers may cut promotion efforts, eliminate distributors, and finally plan to walk out from this market. However, not all products follow the classic product life cycle which explained above. There are variations of the product life cycle. Some of the products may have more than five stages and more fluctuant curves. For example, the high-tech products which are more than one S-Shape curve. This type of product can be up-grated and development many times which lead the sales and profit up and down. When the customer accepts the product, the profits fall. When the product has been developed and improved, the profits rise. With the continuous process of products development and customers acceptance, the profits keep rising and falling such as computers, mobile phones. Although different products have different product life cycle and different products move through their life cycle at different speed, the theory of PLC still seem as a very useful method to help marketers identify the sales trends and plan appropriate marketing strategy and activities. Strengths and Weakness of PLC The product life cycle is a common and popular marketing concept that it appears at every standard marketing text. The strengths of the PLC are very obvious. Firstly, based on the theory of Jobber (1998) the PLC is benefit for the product planning. It can help marketers to develop product marketing strategy and it is also used as a forecasting model. PLC can forecast the future development of market and product which is big competitive advantage when the companies plan their marketing strategy for the product in every stage. However when the companies use the PLC concept to forecast product sale or to develop marketing strategies, they find many problems in practices (Korler, P. Armstrong, G. Saunders, J. and Wong, V. 1996). It is not easy to identify which stage of the PLC the product is in, especially the definitions of each stage is not very standard which could lead the confusion between stages. This is the precondition that the PLC concept can perform correctly. When the product enter to the next stage of PLC, if the company can not notices, the marketing strategy and plan will not appropriate for the new stage of the produce. Only when they recognise the change in PLC, they can make the right strategy based on the analysis for the crucial factors in the new stage. And in practice, it is difficult to forecast the sales level at each PLC stage, the length of each stage and the shape of the PLC curve (Jobber, D. 1998). The basic reason is this PLC concept can not help the marketer to understand the product and market in detail. It is theoretic and unclear. Secondly, the strength of PLC as a coordinating tool is to help marketers to coordinate 4Ps which include product, price, promotions and place. Thirdly, the PLC also can remand the marketers to pay more attention to the development of the product and its market. It warns the marketers that the product would not grow continually forever (Jobber, D. 1998). Normally, there is a danger that management may have high emotion in a particular product. The PLC can help the company understand that the product has its own lift cycle which means the company have to face the face that products need to be terminated and new products need to be developed to replace them. It also tells them that at the introduction stage, the phenomenon that the sale is low and expense is high are reasonable which is unnecessary to panic or give up. It is good for companies to recognise the realistic market, not through the book records only. Nevertheless, there are some weaknesses about the PLC. Although in the above, some of the problems are discussed. The following section explains very detailed concepts. Firstly, according to Jobber (1998), the duration of the PLC stages is unpredictable which is very difficult for marketer to identify the stages of product. The PLC outlines the four or five stages during a product life without defining their duration. Blythe (2001) states that the PLC is useful to describe what is happening, but is not much use for predicting what is going to happen, since it is virtually impossible to tell how long the maturity phase will continue. This weakness makes it difficult to use this concept as a decision-making tool because marketers can not easily know which part of the product life cycle the product currently in. The solution of this problem is to find a comparable product which seems as a template for predicting the length of each stage. There are two sources of comparable products. One is same product has already been on the market which is in other countries. The other one is that the similar products are in the mature or decline stages of their life cycle but they are thought to resemble the new product in terms of consumer acceptance . Of course, when the marketer use the comparable product to analyse their own product, it still many problems in reality, such as the different the economic and social conditions of countries which may effect the result of the analysis and make it invalid to transfer the duration of the stages from one country to another. Secondly, Jobber (1998) notes that the critics argue that the stylized marketing objectives and strategy prescriptions can be misleading. It is very difficult to predict how long the product will move from one stage to another stage in its life cycle. Because the products, companies and market are different, the length of the PLC is diverse. The problem is that the length of the PLC is affected by many factors which include the pace of change in the external environment and the companys marketing strategy of the product throughout its life (Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. 2003). The companys objective and capability to make the correct marketing strategy in each stage of PLC for the product and to communicate effectively and efficiently with the consumers, and its method to develop and refresh its product will all affect how the PLC in some way. Thirdly, the weakness of PLC is that there is no common shape (Doyle, P. 1994). Through the analysis the data from different products, it is very clear that the PLC has not standard curve at all. In the real unstable markets, not all products follow the classic S-shaped PLC (Lancaster, G. and Massingham, L. 1993). Sometimes, although two brand products seem as same, they are in different types of PLC. Many factors determine the types of PLC for the product, which include the external environment changes and the strategy change of the company or the competitors. It is easy for marketers to analyse which curve their product belong to which lead confusion when companies use this theory to analyse their product. Fourthly, according to Doyle (1994), PLC has not clear implication which is a weakness every marketer knows. Although PLC concept defines the stages of the product life cycle for the common products and list all of the characteristics for each stage. But for some cases, the tradition has been proved as inaccurate. Some of the products have different characteristics compare with the tradition concept which will mislead the marketers conclusion about the products development. Finally, there is another weakness of the PLC has been revealed that PLC is a product-orientated concept. More and more marketers recognise the marketing is about how to satisfy the customers need. The company should pay more attention to analyse the change of the customers need, rather than focus on its products development. In other words, focusing on the product like the concept of PLC the company might not understand other key concepts of marketing such as the 7P. Product is just one of the important things of marketing, but not the core one. For the modern age, customer is the core thing that the company should focus on. Therefore, for the marketers, they need focus on the factors cause the change of the product stage not the PLC. Because of so many uncertain factors in the concept of PLC, some experts debate that PLC is a useless tool in reality. As Cowell (1984) state that it is not surprising that the life cycle concept has critics. Some attempts to derive the conventional S-shaped curve of the cycle with its stages of introduction, growth, maturity and decline have not been altogether convincing. In fact, some theoreticians have even suggested that the concept of PLC should be forgotten altogether (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Carman and Langeard (1979) argue that using the life cycle concept to build a product portfolio in services contexts is not very helpful. All those debates suggest that the concept of PLC is still immature and it still need to improve. Conclusion In conclusion, the product life cycle is a marketing tool, which is an aid for managerial decision-making. It can help marketers to do planning and think strategically. However, it also has many weaknesses which affect the practicability of the concept. Therefore, marketing managers must monitor the real changes that are happening in the marketplace before setting up the appropriate objectives and strategies for marketing. Using the PLC concept to develop marketing strategy can also be difficult because strategy is both a cause and a result of the products life cycle (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). The products current PLC position suggests the best marketing strategies and the resulting marketing strategies affect product performance in later life-cycle stages. Of course, when it is used carefully by the marketers who understand it clearly, the PLC concept still a very useful theory in developing good marketing strategies for different stages in the product life cycle anyway.

Wilkie Collins and Agatha Christie Comparison Essay Example

Wilkie Collins and Agatha Christie Comparison Essay Example Wilkie Collins and Agatha Christie Comparison Essay Wilkie Collins and Agatha Christie Comparison Essay Christie The Murder of Roger Cracked documents Hercules Parrots quest to make sense of the deaths of Mrs.. Fearers and Roger Cracked. Both novels succeed In saving the biggest surprises for the end and keep the reader guessing throughout the story. However, the two authors use different writing styles. Collins tends to have a more subtle approach to the plot of The Woman in White; his storyline lacks jolting revelations. On the other hand, Christie uses many surprising plot twists in The Murder Of Roger Cracked to keep the reader guessing. The ending of her book made it one of the most controversial novels she had ever written cause the murderer, who Is Identified at the end, Is completely unexpected. Christie uses most aspects of her novel to create social commentary and an interesting plot. All of her characters contribute to the storyline progression and confuse the reader by giving false clues. Like Christie, Collins creates many in-depth characters and multiple narrations to voice his opinions on society in The Woman in White. However, he places somewhat less emphasis on the entertainment value of his novel. Collins and Christie, when compared, show that the focus In mystery novels changed from themes and commentary to an entertaining storyline. While both Collisions The Woman In White and Christie The Murder of Roger Cracked use mystery techniques and elements for social commentary, Christie additionally uses these techniques to create an unparalleled sense of mystery for her readers entertainment. The use of narration is an important element in Christie and Collisions novels. In The Woman In White, a multitude of characters narrate the story, the main contributor being Walter Harlot. Each character reveals to the reader only the parts of the story they know or have discovered. By using this technique, Collins is blew to [investigate] issues that were central to [his] craft and [his] beliefs (London 144). Not only does he use his characters limited perspective to keep his readers in the dark, but he also uses it to explore the definition of truth. The creation of several kinds of knowledge allows Collins to demonstrate that facts can easily be distorted or misunderstood because of perspective (London 144). Collins believes that the truth can De Interpreted Transiently Trot person to person paneling on want teen want to believe and how much they know. Unlike Collins, Christie uses only one narrator wrought The Murder of Roger Cracked. Dry. Shepherds Journal is the only source from which the reader receives information. The integrity of the novel hinges upon Shepherds single narration; his clever distortion of the truth prevents virtually all readers from solving the mystery before the conclusion of the story. In the epilogue, Sheppard comments on the art of hiding his identity from the reader, claiming he is rather pleased with [himself] as a writer (Christie 287). His success effectively demonstrates that ones view of reality can be influenced by word choice. Christie, eke Collins, uses narration to her advantage and proves that ones perception can alter, or even completely hide, the truth. She takes advantage of the readers assumption that the narrator could never be the murderer by doing Just that. Collins and Christie effectively use narration to their advantage by exploring the relationship between perspective and reality. The endings of The Woman in White and The Murder of Roger Cracked display the main purposes of each novel. Christie ends her book almost immediately after the murderers identity is revealed. This style of conclusion is partially due to Hercules Parrots dramatic personality. During the investigation, he gathers facts and hides theories from other characters and the reader until he solves the mystery. He then proceeds to take the reader step by step through the murder, drawing attention to previously overlooked but important clues, and prove that the facts point indisputably to one person (Christie 275-6). To further clarify the events that take place, Dry. Sheppard includes a confession that doubles as a suicide note in his journal after Parrot accuses him of murder. His declaration of guilt is the last chapter in the novel. Christie purposely ends the book after the murderers identification because she knows a large majority of her fans read The Murder Of Roger Cracked for entertainment. Parrot solves the murder and all secrecy dissipates, since almost all of the mystery in the novel revolves around the murderers identity. Christie ends the book with the closing of the case to cater to the readers interest. However, she still adds generous amounts of social commentary to her novel before its conclusion. The Muter of Roger Cockroachs explosive ending combined with its intriguing insight helped it become and extremely controversial novel. Like Christie, Collins fills The Woman in White with commentary, which continues even after the climax of the book occurs. Harry Quilter believes that the novel disappointingly continues after Focis confession of his share in the conspiracy, even though he claims it is perhaps the best scene fiction writing has ever seen and would have been a great ending to the book (178). He also thinks that after Count Focis death, the book ends as far as all interest is concerned (178). From the point of view of a reader looking for entertainment, the ending of the book is disappointing and anticlimactic. However, Collins novel does not revolve around Count Focis mysterious past. Collins places more value on social commentary than plot, which is why the climax is not at the end. Although full of suspense and surprises, the main purpose of The Woman in White is not to create an exciting ending; it is to provide interesting social commentary. The ending to The Woman in White demonstrates Collisions attempt to place as much insight as possible into his book, whereas the end to The Murder of Roger Cracked Allays concretes effort to simultaneously provoke social commentary Ana please deader with a satisfying ending. Christie and Collins use different writing techniques in their novels to enhance their power. Christie is famous for unexpected plot twists at the end of her books; The Murder of Roger Cracked is the best example of her originality. She confuses her readers with seemingly trivial clues to add to the air of mystery surrounding Cockroachs murder, such as a man believed to be the stranger who visited Ferny the night of the murder (209). Her novel turns on a piece of misdirection and a solution, which [is] strikingly innovatory (Lucerne 117). Her ingenuity is and visual, which is why she was able to create such a groundbreaking story at a time when critics believed that the detective genre was decline (Symons 123). Leaving the biggest plot twist until the end allowed Christie to takes readers completely by surprise and emphasizes the impact of the conclusion. On the other hand, Collins uses a more subtle approach to his novel. His characters are consistent in their actions and beliefs. His plot is not overburdened with unreasonable plot twists. The storyline is linear and logical. His moderation and reserve and avoidance of extremes make the novel realistic and relatable to readers; these techniques make the lights and shadows of the picture doubly effective (Sensation Novels 173). Collisions subtle plot creates more excitement than those filled mostly with unnecessary suspense, which tend to detract from a novels rationality. Because of his logical plot, Collins does not have to worry about an explosive ending to The Woman in White. Instead, he has room to focus on social commentary throughout his novel, such as the value he places on intellect rather than physical strength and the difference between propriety and appearance. Christie writing style draws attention to her famous plot twists, while Collisions style plays up his insightful observations. Collins and Christie use gender roles differently in their novels to cater to either social commentary or the plot. Collisions characters, for example, generally do not comply with typical masculine or feminine stereotypes. One exception is Laura, who represents women in Victorian literature. Her confinement in the asylum displays Collisions dissatisfaction with the stereotypes women are typically associated with. On the other hand, Marinas inborn confidence in herself and in her position, which old have secured her the respect of the most audacious man breathing, portrays a personality that surpasses the feminine typecasts of the Victorian era (Collins 26). Her masculine mouth and Jaw and prominent, piercing eyes also contribute to the blurring of male and female characteristics in The Woman in White (Collins 24). Through his characters gender ambiguity, Collins displays his feminism and belief that stereotypes are commonly inaccurate. Christie female characters in The Murder of Roger Cracked are noticeably more stereotypical than Collisions. Marty S. Innkeeper argues that Christie frequently suggests a womans true vocation is marriage and motherhood through the empty-headed and gossipy women in her novels (73). Indeed, Caroline, one of The Murder of Roger Cockroachs lead female characters, is a stereotypical busybody and gossip who takes care of her brother, Dry. Sheppard. At the same time, Carolinas knowledge is extremely valuable, especially to Parrot, who frequents her for information throughout his investigation. Her vast awareness keeps the plot moving and supplies the reader with useful information. Seen alternately AAAS mystery to ten novel Decease It Is not Known winner near information can be trusted. Carolinas ability to do any amount of finding out by sitting placidly at home does not imply that Christie is an anti-feminist (Christie 10). Although Christie respects women, she uses stereotypes to help move the plot of The Murder of Roger Cracked along. Collins uses his characters to display his feminist beliefs, whereas Christie stereotypes her main female character to add intrigue to her plot. The main characters in The Murder of Roger Cracked and The Woman in White have similar purposes in their novels. Collins uses characters such as Count Fiasco for social commentary and dramatic effect. Fiasco, who sees nothing ridiculous in the amazing contrast between his colossal self and his frail little pets, is clearly not a stereotypically gentleman (Collins 195). Through Fiasco, Collins asserts his belief that a person can have masculine and feminine traits. T. S. Eliot believes that characters like Fiasco make The Woman in White dramatic in the way in which the dramatic differs from the melodramatic (182). The characters periodically heightened emotions contrast sharply with the otherwise subtle storyline, creating Just the right amount of excitement for Collisions plot. Like Collins, Christie uses Parrot to add dramatic effect. Simply put, the Belgian is incredibly entertaining. Everything about him is odd, from his short stature and egg-shaped head to his obsession with two immense moustaches (Christie 27). However, underneath the comical exterior is an extremely astute detective with a knack for building suspense. His methods are imaginative rather than routine and he strongly values theory over matter (Haystack 118). He enjoys bothering his fellow investigators with seemingly trivial questions, the answers to which are surprisingly relevant to solving Cockroachs murder. Parrot is dramatic; he chooses not to reveal any information he has gathered until he is sure of the murderers identity and then proceeds to tie up any loose ends. The Murder of Roger Cracked contains so much suspense and mystery largely thanks to Parrot, who never blatantly hints at the murderer throughout the novel. Both Christie and Collins use main characters to help enhance their plots, although Collins uses his for commentary more than Christie. The villains Christie and Collisions novels are both used for similar social commentary, but Sheppard is much more important to the mystery of The Murder of Roger Cracked than Fiasco is to The Woman in White. Fiasco is, by nature, charismatic and droll. His ability to flatter [Marina]s vanity by talking to [her] as seriously and sensibly as if [she] were a man is an example of how he charm his peers (Collins 197). His appeal makes it difficult for readers to accept that he is so diabolically in the wrong (Sensation Novels 174). Collins, through Fiasco, explores the ease with which less reputable people can appear charming, and implies that many immoral people possess these traits. He concludes that people are born uncorrupted with these traits, but become dishonorable with the realization that they can take advantage of others by using said traits. Dry. Sheppard shares this trait with Fiasco and exemplifies it by murdering Cracked. Sheppard is clearly intelligent and has many clever ideals] throughout the novel (Christie 284). He kills Cracked because he assures himself that he has the intelligence, foresight, and charm to avoid being caught. However, the doctor is not only used for social commentary. Shepherds aptitude Ana personality are essential to malignantly Intrigue tonguing ten novel. Since he is the only narrator, it is imperative that he seem less knowledgeable than e really is to hide his true identity. Both Sheppard and Christie rely on his ingenuity, which is amplified when the reader realizes the secret he has kept for the entire novel. While both Fiasco and Sheppard share the same traits, Christie uses Shepherds charm and wit to prolong his villainous identity. The Woman in White and The Murder of Roger Cracked demonstrate the effective use of mystery techniques to create equally thrilling and insightful novels. While Collins is considered to be the father of the mystery novel, Christie is Just as renowned for her cleverness and originality. Both authors include valuable social commentary in their novels. However, the amount of importance placed on the identity of the murderer in Roger Cracked requires Christie to take advantage of her characters and use them to create more confusion. In contrast to Christie, who typically ends her books dramatically, Collisions novel has a subtler air of mystery and places less emphasis on the biggest secret of the book. This allows him to focus on insightful conclusions about subjects such as appearance versus reality. Christie is still able to make perceptive observations in The Murder of Roger Cracked, but caters o her audience by creating a thrilling plot and an unpredictable ending.

Understand the Philosophical Theories of Nominalism and Realism

Understand the Philosophical Theories of Nominalism and Realism Nominalism and realism are the two most distinguished positions in western metaphysics dealing with the fundamental structure of reality. According to realists, all entities can be grouped into two categories: particulars and universals. Nominalists instead argue that there are only particulars.   How Do Realists Understand Reality? Realists postulate the existence of two kinds of entities, particulars, and universals. Particulars resemble each other because they share universals; for example, each particular dog has four legs, can bark, and has a tail.  Universals can also resemble each other by sharing other universals; for example, wisdom and generosity resemble each other in that they are both virtues.  Plato and Aristotle were among the most famous realists. The intuitive plausibility of realism is evident. Realism allows us to take seriously the subject-predicate structure of discourse through which we represent the world. When we say that Socrates is wise it is because there are both Socrates (the particular) and wisdom (the universal) and the particular exemplifies the universal. Realism also can explain the use we often make of abstract reference. Sometimes qualities are subjects of our discourse, as when we  say that wisdom is a virtue or that red is a color. The realist can interpret these discourses as asserting that there is a universal (wisdom; red) that exemplifies another universal (virtue; color). How Do Nominalists Understand Reality? Nominalists offer a radical definition of reality: there are no universals, only particulars. The basic idea is that the world is made exclusively from particulars and the universals are of our own making. They stem from our representational system (the way we think about the world) or from our language (the way we speak of the world). Because of this, nominalism is clearly tied in a close manner also to epistemology  (the study of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion). If there are only particulars, then there is no virtue, apples, or genders. There are, instead, human conventions that tend to group objects or ideas into categories. Virtue exists only because we say it does: not because there is a universal abstraction of virtue. Apples only exist as a particular type of fruit because we as humans have categorized a group of particular fruits in a particular way. Maleness and femaleness, as well, exist only in human thought and language. The most distinguished nominalists include Medieval philosophers William of Ockham (1288-1348) and John Buridan (1300-1358) as well as contemporary philosopher Willard van Orman Quine. Problems for Nominalism and Realism The debate between supporters of those two opposed camps spurred some of the most puzzling problems in metaphysics, such as the puzzle of the ship of Theseus, the puzzle of the 1001 cats, and the so-called problem of exemplification (that is, the problem of how particulars and universals can be related to each other).   Its puzzles like these which render the debate regarding the fundamental categories of metaphysics so challenging and fascinating.

Typical developmental pathways of Speech Language and Communication Essay

Typical developmental pathways of Speech Language and Communication - Essay Example The developmental pathways of speech, communication, and language start from when the child is about three months to when he or she is about three years, that is thirty-six months. By this age, the child has developed the basic skills and can communicate and understand some words. During the development of these three skills, in case a certain developmental concern is observed, intervention is critical. This is because it is easier to resolve problems related to these skills at early ages, however if the concerns are left untreated, the child may suffer from language, and speech impairments that affect the childs ability to use language learned later. It also affects how they learn new things, and how they behave in their later childhood and adolescence The pathways to child development are in ten groups from when the child is three months to when he or she is thirty-six months. In the third month the child should be able to, maintain eye contact, coo, goo, and smile, and cry differently for different needs, for example, when tired or hungry.in the third to sixth month the child is able to smile and quiet when spoken to. From six to nine months, the child should begin bubbling, express feelings and vocalizes to gain attention, the child should also be able to turn the head in order to follow sound and notice toys. The third stage of typical developmental pathways falls from nine to twelve months, at this stage the child can consistently respond to the own name when called, looks at familiar people and objects when mentioned. At this stage, the child can also follow routine commands associated with gestures, from twelve to fifteen months the child imitates speech sounds and understands up to fifty words. From fifteen month to the twenty-fourth months, the child shows improved skills in speech language and communication. From the twenty-fourth month onwards the child

Mktg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Mktg - Essay Example The logistical channel also affects the packing of goods, perishable goods like vegetable since they usually go bad easily. The chemical property of a product also determines its packaging method since certain products are incompatible like watermelon which is sensitive to ethylene is packed from the exposure to these gases. The first strategy being used is the reduction of the packaging material being used. The possible suggestions are using a material which is recyclable and reduces packaging waste. The second is the use of a packaging strategy that is environmental friendly packaging material. The third strategy is the use of reusable containers. Though this cannot be done to all the products but it is advisable for the few that is possible, for example, refilling of glass bottles. The fourth strategy is the supporting and retaining services that collect used packaging and those that recycle it. The third and the fourth strategy add a loop to the supply chain. Transportations is an example of a logistic system. Therefore for effective transportation of products then the reduction of packaging influences its performance as; the reduction in the density of a product will determine the shipping tenderers requests since the load densities makes best . The second is protective packaging reduces the risk of the product being damaged during transit. The environmental and the ergonomic principle are the most surprising principle to me. With respect to the environmental principle, this principle is greatly violated today since a lot of produced are not biodegradable hence harmful effects to the society around them. The use of plastic bags is the best example to be used here. The safety of human being has been a point of contention in today’s world. The life of human beings is a point of contention in most firms such as the manufacturing companies where poor workers conditions and ethical working rights are violated. This is the reasons for

Introduce your research topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduce your research topic - Essay Example The first element is a state of human mind that is beyond that of other animals and this means consideration of happiness must go beyond what animals can feel. A consistent attitude over a long period and that is strong enough to overcome challenges is another element of happiness and this disqualifies short-term pleasures from being categorized as happiness. The long-term attitude must further be of satisfaction with a person’s environment and embedded in the person’s mind. The definition identifies significance of factors that influence a person’s attitude to happiness of the role of mediator factors on effects of the primary factors on a person’s level of happiness. An understanding of the actual definitions of spirituality and religion is therefore important for investigating and explaining possible effects of the two factors on happiness. Spirituality is the aspect of a person’s inner being and how the person relate to his or her environment. It has been associated with such concepts as morality, holiness, and sanctity (Young and Koopsen 9, 10). Religion is, however, the practical manifestation of spirituality and is often visible through such aspects as culture and behavior. It is a social characteristic, unlike spirituality that is an individual trait and may be embedded too deep to be perceived from an outward look (Young and Koopsen 89, 90). The two however defines an individual’s personality, the individual’s interaction with the environment, and are therefore important in a person’s attitude towards contentment with the environment. A person’s moral conscience, an element of spirituality that can be manifested in behavior, can therefore define the individual’s value for other people in an environment and the people’s possessions. An understanding that spirit cont rols forces in an individual’s environment and that it is not an individual’s responsibility to

Culture influences on leadership processes Essay

Culture influences on leadership processes - Essay Example In this paper, the proponent tries to specifically emphasise the specific influence of culture on the leadership process. In line with this, guidelines for how leaders can adapt their communication to diverse cultures are included. What is culture? Man from the start struggled to survive with nature. Everything was not learned in an instant event but humans have to undergo trial and error process. This paved way to their important experiences with nature. It is therefore implied that culture is a result of experiences from humans’ struggle for survival with nature that eventually resulted to belief, art, law, moral, customs, capabilities and habits (Ayisi, 1992). Today, these are widely observed as integral parts of everyone’s daily survival in every part of the world. Due to different and constant experiences encountered by people everyday, culture has become a system consisting of interrelated and interdependent habit pattern of response (Kroeber and Kluckhohn, 1978). Every individual has different way to respond to a certain experience. The form of response is also dependent on the available ideas and patterns of activities generated from different experiences. Culture therefore has become easy to be identified through knowing how people live, what clothes they wear, what foods they eat, what language they speak, stories they tell and celebrations they celebrate as far as knowing how they survive is concerned (Kalman, 2009). This makes culture as a way of life because it tries to define the entire being of a person. From the day an individual arrived in this planet, the entire event did not start with picking up the right thing in order. Everything had to undergo a series of events of experiences from top to bottom. This means that an individual had to struggle to come up with the right process in order to discover the right and appropriate response to every situation. Culture therefore is such a broad concept because of its connection with the human lives. It is an integral part of daily survival and without it there is no enough basis of measuring how far an individual has gone through in life. From the standpoint of cultural anthropology, culture encompasses the idea about shared concepts, values, beliefs and adaptive system (Lyman, 2008). Every nation has an idea about shared concepts, beliefs, values and adaptive system. Japanese are known for their loyalty, courtesy and other good values that are considered to be important parts of where their country right now. Their cultural values are considered integral parts of how they achieve things in life and how they face situations and circumstances. Cultural values for them are very important because this is how they should consider themselves in relation to dealing with other people not only with their own race but other people in the world. Values are very important for Japanese that even on how they achieve things with economic considerations, they considered price an d quality as the most important considerations why people should go for their products. As a result, Japanese are among of the leading innovators in the world with considerable emphasis on their cutting-edge technology. The United States has certain beliefs and shared concepts about the American way of life. Part of their culture is the belief that when a certain thing is priced expensive, then it must have substantial positive impact on quality. On the other

The Purpose of the Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Purpose of the Higher Education - Essay Example In most cases, the ideas of students are rarely considered when higher learning institutions are developing the curriculum. Due to the fact that we are living in a dynamic environment that is characterized by changes, it is imperative for students to be involved in the curriculum development since they may have some enterprising ideas that can help to improve the whole education system. This idea is supported by Kelly Sousa (http://whichwaync.com/2012/07/18/a-job-offer-a-skill-set-a-higher-tolerance-what-does-college-provide/, July 18, 2012) who posts to the effect that technical skills are gaining more priority as a result of the fact that the world has significantly industrialized. Various courses that are offered at higher learning institutions are theoretical in terms of their design. Students are taught various theories related to a particular area of study and in most cases, this kind of study is mainly academic in nature. However, after graduating from different tertiary insti tutions, many people rarely apply the theoretical knowledge they are taught at universities. Instead, they often encounter different problems that may require experience in that particular area. This experience is often gained through constant practice. It can be noted that some people are offered training at their work which may be costly to the companies since they will have to retrain the newly employed people. Some studies have shown that knowledge is more important since it is regarded as a stepping stone to a career by different people. Higher education is mainly designed to develop people better so that they can be in a position to find solutions to problems they may encounter in their lives. in workplaces, people are expected to make decisions and they should try to find solutions to problems they come across in their work. This is the reason why students should also put their input in the development of the curriculum. The problem with the current curriculum is that it is s kewed in favor of generating theoretical knowledge rather than developing the skills of the students so that they can be in a better position to deal with various technical problems they may encounter in their work. Therefore, it is recommended that people who are pursuing studies in areas that are technical in nature should be exposed to more practice in the actual field of their specialty so that they gain the much-needed knowledge. These students should be attached to different companies for longer periods as part of their learning since this will help them to gain different skills that are required for them to carry out various tasks. Theory and practice should be balanced in order for the students to gain the knowledge that can be transformed in order for them to deal with different problems they may face in their work. Various people seek education for monetary reasons since they believe that they will get better job opportunities that are characterized by high salaries. The c urriculum offered at tertiary institutions is designed in such a way that it helps people with higher qualifications to get high positions in different organizations. For instance, managers, as well as other people with influential positions, are highly qualified and they are paid lucrative salaries as a result of the high qualifications they have.

The Chemical Detection of Cocaine-Contaminated Currency Essay

The Chemical Detection of Cocaine-Contaminated Currency - Essay Example Hence, the second method is needed for recognition. The additional technique is termed as mass spectrophotometry. A technique avails information of the make-up of the particular constituents of the compound on the note. The combination of these two methods is called GC/MS (Acheson, 1991). The method aids in the investigation of cocaine. Cocaine is a banned substance, hence, law enforcers have to ensure that they find the means of how to detect cocaine in clients if any. According to Acheson(n.d.), cocaine has been use for long. It contains compounds called alkaloids. They are termed as alkaloids as they are basic in acidic media. As a sample, cocaine is interesting as it is said to give a person the feeling of immense power. It also has its many uses in spite of its illegality. Cocaine is obtained from its source as cocaine hydrochloride salt. Why did the study opt for the method and samples used? The study opted to utilize GC/MS technique because it enables of the total identification of the flash (Acheson, 1991). Acheson, E. (1991, 10 16). A Case Study Involing the Chemical Detection of Cocaine-Contaminated currency. Decatur, IL, Kenya. Retrivied from:

The Purpose of the Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Purpose of the Higher Education - Essay Example In most cases, the ideas of students are rarely considered when higher learning institutions are developing the curriculum. Due to the fact that we are living in a dynamic environment that is characterized by changes, it is imperative for students to be involved in the curriculum development since they may have some enterprising ideas that can help to improve the whole education system. This idea is supported by Kelly Sousa (http://whichwaync.com/2012/07/18/a-job-offer-a-skill-set-a-higher-tolerance-what-does-college-provide/, July 18, 2012) who posts to the effect that technical skills are gaining more priority as a result of the fact that the world has significantly industrialized. Various courses that are offered at higher learning institutions are theoretical in terms of their design. Students are taught various theories related to a particular area of study and in most cases, this kind of study is mainly academic in nature. However, after graduating from different tertiary insti tutions, many people rarely apply the theoretical knowledge they are taught at universities. Instead, they often encounter different problems that may require experience in that particular area. This experience is often gained through constant practice. It can be noted that some people are offered training at their work which may be costly to the companies since they will have to retrain the newly employed people. Some studies have shown that knowledge is more important since it is regarded as a stepping stone to a career by different people. Higher education is mainly designed to develop people better so that they can be in a position to find solutions to problems they may encounter in their lives. in workplaces, people are expected to make decisions and they should try to find solutions to problems they come across in their work. This is the reason why students should also put their input in the development of the curriculum. The problem with the current curriculum is that it is s kewed in favor of generating theoretical knowledge rather than developing the skills of the students so that they can be in a better position to deal with various technical problems they may encounter in their work. Therefore, it is recommended that people who are pursuing studies in areas that are technical in nature should be exposed to more practice in the actual field of their specialty so that they gain the much-needed knowledge. These students should be attached to different companies for longer periods as part of their learning since this will help them to gain different skills that are required for them to carry out various tasks. Theory and practice should be balanced in order for the students to gain the knowledge that can be transformed in order for them to deal with different problems they may face in their work. Various people seek education for monetary reasons since they believe that they will get better job opportunities that are characterized by high salaries. The c urriculum offered at tertiary institutions is designed in such a way that it helps people with higher qualifications to get high positions in different organizations. For instance, managers, as well as other people with influential positions, are highly qualified and they are paid lucrative salaries as a result of the high qualifications they have.

The Effect of Media (Internet) on Children behavior Essay

The Effect of Media (Internet) on Children behavior - Essay Example Ethical reasoning on the subject of Internet use among Children and Adolescents VII. Conclusion The Effect of Media (Internet) on Children’s Behavior INTRODUCTION Since the introduction of the internet, children everywhere have been fascinated by this media format and the various opportunities for entertainment that it presents. Today, most children in the developed nations are interested in internet related sources of entertainment and information than in formerly popular activities such as reading story books and playing in the playground. The teenagers in Western nations use the internet for entertainment and education almost as much as the adults do. Objectives of Studying about the Effects of Internet use by Children and Teenagers Children today have more access to a lot of information than children in bygone eras did due to the internet. Computers cannot really be considered as being innately damaging to the minds of users, or only beneficial; however, in the hands of ch ildren, they can be changed to become either of these options. The internet can deeply affect a child’s psychosocial development. Thus, it is vital for educators as well as parents to acquire the necessary information in regards to the effects of prolonged exposure or supervised exposure of children to the internet. This will then allow them to be able to offer direction on the age-appropriate exploitation of different features of the Internet. The fact that this objective may be difficult to achieve is not unusual. In the present age, there are many educators as well as parents who may fear that they know much less about how best to use the different internet features that exist than their own children. Many do not even appreciate the emergence of the internet as the latest medium which can be used to champion literacy. Moreover, this approach may be counterproductive because there is a need for parents to understand how the internet affects their children’s developme nt. In addition, there are many unseen dangers in the relatively unregulated world of the internet. The only way to tackle such potential dangers is by learning about different facets of the internet and accepting statistics and facts about the effects of the internet from researchers who study the subject. Learning about the internet will also allow educators as well as parents to be able to ensure that children benefit from educative information from a safe environment. Research Findings on the use of the Internet The findings of all research conducted on internet use among children indicate that there are both negative as well as positive developmental consequences that come with using the internet during adolescence as well as childhood (Holloway & Valentine, 2003). It has also been established that there are other environmental elements that mediate the effects of childhood online behavior. The techno-subsystem theory, for instance, addresses aspects about child interaction wit h both non-living factors such as information from hardware sources, and living sources such as colleagues (Holloway and Valentine, 2003). In emphasizing the function that technology plays in the development of a child, the ecological techno-subsystem supports the holistic examination of the developmental results that could be determined by various levels of internet during a

Dubrovnik- Pearl of the Adriatic Essay Example for Free

Dubrovnik- Pearl of the Adriatic Essay On the Dalmatian coast of the Adriatic Sea, perches a city with origins that span nearly two millennia. The joining of two small towns, Dubrava and Laus, birthed the city of Dubrovnik. Dubrava was a community of Slavic immigrants, which was located at the foot of the woody Srd hill. Laus was a town on a little island off the southern Dalmatian coast. This town often gave shelter and protection to the Italian immigrants from the neighboring city of Cavtat. The origin of the city, as a joining of different worlds, was to be the harbinger for everything that would come of it. Beginning with its formation in 7th century, when it was mapped and called Ragusium, Dubrovnik fell under the defense and fortification of the Byzantine Empire. This pledge of loyalty lasted through the Crusades up to year 1205. As soon as crusades subsided, Dubrovnik came to be under the authority and dominance of Venice (Dubrovnik1). During this period Dubrovnik was safeguarded from outside threats as a profitable seaport. There were two harbors constructed on each side of the isthmus. Two importance political papers helped to shape the history of the city from this period. The Dubrovnik Statute, signed in 1272, and the Customs Statute signed in 1277. Title VII of the Statute, Chapter 67 is dedicated to the systematization of maritime customs and law. This covered ship equipment and maintenance, sea routes, crew member ratings, tonnage, general averages, their obligations and rights, sea rescue, general underwriting and averages, arsenals of the ship, and maritime trade agreements. The rise of Dubrovnik to the position of an independent state, and a prosperous and booming maritime city, was due directly to the success of these acts (â€Å"Shipping†). When the city of Dubrovnik governed itself as a free state it adopted the name â€Å"Respublica Ragusina. † This is translated as the Republic of Ragusa, and was sometimes refered to as the Republic of Dubrovnik. During these prosperous times of the Venetian occupancy, a strip of swampland down the middle of the two parts of the town was reclaimed. This combined the two halves of the city around a newly built plaza, which is now called Stradun, or Placa (Dubrovnik1) and became the new center of the town. This plaza was not renovated again until the middle of 14th century, under the reign of the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom. They came to power through the 1358 Peace Treaty of Zadar. In 1358, the Zadar Peace Treaty Dubrovnik free to return focus to shipbuilding at home. By the year 1525, a national shipyard was constructed in Gruz (â€Å"Shipping†). Ragusa’s Republic attained its historic financial and political peak of power during 15th and 16th centuries. At this time, they were competing with, and in cases surpassing, the prosperity of the renowned republic of Venice, as well as Italian maritime states. The power of the city state was governed by an aristocracy. They developed and maintained two City Councils. These Councils were responsible for enacting, and upholding laws, which were not only profitable on material terms, but also extremely progressive on the humanitarian front. Despite the firm authoritarian system, which was comprised of structured social classes, they valued liberty very highly. The Republic of Ragusa eradicated slave trade within their ports and surrounding lands in the early part of 15th century. This encouraged growth via emigration. Balthasar de Faria to King John reported one example; in the year 1544 a ship arrived packed with Portuguese evacuees (Dubrovnik2). While continuing to prosper, and gaining an international reputation, the city was able to balance its domestic power and authority with the interests of outsiders, such as the Ottoman Empire and Venice, for centuries. It was not the failure of the government that would lead to the inevitable fall from grace. In 1667 a natural disaster, an earthquake, struck the area. It was disastrous for the majority of the Mediterranean shipping ports, and left the Ragusa Republic badly weakened. Two years after, the governing body was compelled to sell two areas of its territory to the Ottomans. The intent was to stabilize the economy and to defend itself from the improving Venetian armed forces. This maneuver worked well, protecting them from the Venetian forces, but as many others, Ragusa met with its conclusive downfall at the hands of Napoleon. The forces of Napoleon occupied and conquered the Venetian regions first, and followed by Dubrovnik state in 1806. At the beginning, Napoleon only asked for a free passage for the troops he led. He promised not to conquer the territory and places great emphasis on a treaty with the joint allies, the French. It was the French armed forces which blocked the harbors of Dubrovnik and compelled the government to concede. French’s troops then entered the city. During this occupation, the people of the city painted every flag and coat of arms above the city walls black, as a symbol of misery and sorrow. Marshal Marmont eradicated the republic and assimilates its region into the Illyrian provinces in 1808 (Dubrovnik2). In 1815 Dubrovnik was freed from the control of the French forces, through the decree of the Congress of Vienna, and places in the hands of the Austrian Empire. During that year the previous Ragusan government was able to meet for the last time. Substantial efforts made to reestablish the Republic failed miserably. Right after the downfall of the republic, the majority of the aristocracy relocated overseas. The Gozze family was the last remaining of the previous ruling class of families. The Croatian Assembly, Sabor, printed and circulated the People’s Requests. In this document, they asked for amongst other things, the elimination of serfdom and the amalgamation of Croatia and Dalmatia. The municipality of Dubrovnik was the major talked of every Dalmatian commune in its support for amalgamation along with Croatia. A message was mailed from Dubrovnik to Zagreb with vows and promises to work for this plan. Through the year 1849, Dubrovnik persisted in its bid to head the Dalmatia cities in an effort for amalgamation. A large-scale movement was inaugurated in the Dubrovnik paper called L’Awenire, which means â€Å"The Future. † The plan of action was based on a program of the Slavic brotherhood and the federal system for the Habsburg areas. These included the lands of Dalmatia into Croatia. The first copy of the Dubrovnik almanac was the â€Å"Flower of the National Literature,† Dubrovnik, Cvijet Narodnog Knjizevstva, in which Petar Preradovic printed and circulated his renowned poem â€Å"To Dubrovnik (Dubrovnik1). † The literary and journalistic texts in this paper influenced awareness of the national consciousness. This was mirrored in hard work to present the language of Croatian in school, business establishments, and government offices as well as the publication of Croatian books. In response, Emperor Franz Joseph ordered the institution of a document called the â€Å"Imposed Constitution† which banned the amalgamation of Dalmatia and Croatia. In 1861 the first Dalmatia Assembly held a meeting which has representatives from Ragusa. Kotor’s representatives arrived in Dubrovnik to support the previously failed efforts for amalgamation with Croatia. Ragusa’s citizenries provided them a merry and cheerful welcome. They hung Croatian flags from the walls and banners displaying the slogan: â€Å"Ragusa with Kotor†. When the Kotorans assembled a commission to go to Vienna, Dubrovnik elected Niko Pucic to stand in for them. Niko Pucic traveled to Vienna to request not only the amalgamation of Dalmatia and Croatia, but also the amalgamation of every Croatian’s areas and regions under a single communal Assembly. They remained subject to the Austrian Empire until 1867 with little significant social or economic change (Dubrovnik2). Niko Pucic made several contributions before he passed away in the year 1883. As a staunch supporter of the Croatian Assembly, he was one of the most vocal advocates of the amalgamation of Dalmatia, specifically Ragusa, with Croatia. Additionally, he was also the founder of the review Slovinac and the editor of the review Ragusa. The year Niko Pucic passed, the region saw the death of another great political leader and writer as well, Ivan August Kaznacic. Ivan August Kaznacic was an advocate and a publicist of the Illyrian cause. He revised the review Zora Dalmatinska, translated as Dalmatian Dawn, and established the Dubrovnik review L’Awenire (Dubrovnik2). The city’s minister, Baron Francesco Ghetaldi-Gondola, had a monument constructed in memory of Ivan Gundulic in Piazza Gundulic. It was the efforts of these men, and others like them, which eventually led towards toward the emancipation of Dubrovnik from the Austria-Hungary Empire in 1918. Throughout the centuries, the citizens refused to recognize Dubrovnik’s ‘official’ name Ragusa. With the downfall of the Austria-Hungary Empire and the unification of the territory into the Kingdom of Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes, which later became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, their name was officially restored. Time marched on and still the changes did not stop coming. At the very start of World War II, Dubrovnik was the initial founding location of the Independent State of Croatia. From April 1941 up to September 1943, Dubrovnik was inhabited by the Italian forces, which were followed by the Germans. In October of 1944, the Partisans removed the land from the hands of the Germans and Dubrovnik was made part of the second Yugoslavia in 1945 (Dubrovnik1). The Yugoslav People’s Army remained though the 1970s. During these later years the occupying forces came to recognize and respect the historical significance of the city’s architecture. In an effort to avoid it from turning to be a casualty of war, the walled interior of the 7th century â€Å"Old Town† was demilitarized. New wars began in the last two decades, and much of the city, old and newer, was damaged by artillery and mortar attacks. The architecture and art were not the only artistic casualties of the war. The celebrated poet Milan Milisic died in the bombing campaign. At the end of the war, a rebuilding project headed by the UNESCO and Croatian authorities began. They reconstructed the city in salute to its original styles in order to both preserve and honor its rich history and beauty. The most damaged structures were still being reconstructed as of in 2005. (â€Å"Battle†) The town of Dubrovnik has much to be proud of. Not only did this city remain intact throughout two thousand years of continuous invasion and war, but they grew more culturally complex, and yet steadfast in their identity, with each new wave. Every invasions brought new markets to the seaport town. During the middle Ages, as the Republic of Ragusa, it was the only eastern Adriatic city-state capable of competing with Venice. They worked with one of the most well known bell and cannon founder named Ian Rabljanin-Magister Johannes Baptista Arbesis de la Tolle, and it was during this reign of maritime trade that Dubrovnik earned the nickname â€Å"Pearl of the Adriatic† (Dubrovnik2). The region now produces and markets leather goods, liquor, refined oil, diary products, and silk. In addition to marketing goods, the people of Dubrovnik have learned to market to a thriving industry of cultural tourism (Dubrovnik 293). Once a year, beginning with a welcome ceremony on the 10th of July, they host a drama, music and dance festival bringing tourists from all over the world. At night, there is a display of fireworks at sea, as well as festivity on the highways and boulevards. For the following seven weeks, there will be entertainers each day. Some of these are historical, such as the Renaissance entertainment on the Square. Others are special displays of art at the many galleries, and concerts in the palace of Rector. The summer festival of Dubrovnik is the biggest, most famous, and most renowned cultural event in current day Croatia. This celebration springs from a 16th century revival of social and artistic culture. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the city was able to attain the attention of Masters. The wealth and proficiency of the regions diplomacy was due in no small part to progress through the spoken Croatian language. Dubrovnik became home to the heart growth and development of Croatian painters, playwrights, physicists, language and literature. In addition, the city became home to several distinguished and remarkable poets, mathematicians and other scholars. There is still a strong and powerful expression of theatre, music and dance in the festivities today. These often include a star-studded line up of worldwide entertainers who flock to perform on the distinctive settings of both the interior and outdoor stages of the old town. In the year 2004, the festival drew 50,000 tourists and 300,000 neighboring guests. There were about 151 journalists, 6 TV crews and 14 photographers were qualified, 1,300 articles printed and circulated, in addition to the innumerable domestic and international radio and TV mentions. The said ceremony has figurative value which the city presents itself to the arts (Rachlin, 28-29). Aside from shopping and cultural events, Dubrovnik is considered as one of the heart of the Dubrovnik-Neretva County for its numerous archeological attractions. The center of the settlement is a walled portion of what is called the â€Å"Old Town. † This section of the city still has a medieval flavor and flare, tucked inside 9th century city walls. There are a pair of standing 14th century convents and an earlier cathedral, on which construction began in 1190. Additionally there is the 15th century palace of the Rector. Truly, Dubrovnik’s struggle for freedom has yielded success financially and socially to its own people and town. Despite the domination by several invaders, over centuries spanning into millennia, the leadership and the people of this town prospered and retained a sense of themselves. They did not lose hope or heart, but continued to press on for the liberty they had mandated for others and deserved themselves. Repeatedly they refused to allow the circumstance hinder their pursuits of both market and social development at home and abroad. The leaders and the people stood together for rights they believed in. Dubrovnik’s success and beauty will continue to attract the attention of a world that values such determination and stand as a testament to the honor and strength of a great people. Works Cited â€Å"Battle of Dubrovnik†. Annex XLA: The battle of Dubrovnik and the law of armed forces. United Nations-Security Council. /1994/674/Add. 2 (Vol. V), December 28, 1994. Dubrovnik. 1 New Standard Encyclopedia. 6th ed. Standard Educational Corporation, Chicago. Dubrovnik. 2 Wikipedia. 2005. Public Domain. 10 Sep 2006 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dubrovnik. Rachlin, J. , Walken, C. , Dance, C. and et al. â€Å"Dubrovnik’s Summer Festival†. GSReview, GS Magazine, pp. 28-29 July 10 to Aug. 25, 2005. â€Å"Shipping History†. 2004. Dubrovacka Plovidha. 10 Sep 2006 http://www. atlant. hr/dubrovnik_shipping_history. html