An Analysis Of Chimes Of Slience Essays - Yoruba People, Literature

An Analysis Of Chimes Of Slience Essays - Yoruba People, Literature An Analysis Of Chimes Of Slience An Analysis of Chimes of Slience Wole Soyinka is a Nigerian playwright, and the author of the prose poem Chimes of Silence. In order to describe his experience in solitary confinement Soyinka uses descriptive language involving his vision to better enlighten the reader to his experience. The most dramatic passages in Chimes of Silence describe his limited vision, which expresses to the reader how difficult and horrible of an experience it must have been. Soyinkas efforts to see any sign of life through peepholes in order to have some way of connecting with the outside world, shows just how lonely he really is. The poem opens with Soyinka struggling to see through a peephole in the door of his cell. His interest in the boring details outside of his cell shows just how lonely he is, and how much he longs to have any kind of contact with reality. A little square hole cut in the door, enough for a goalers fist to passenough for me tosteal a quick look at the rare flash of a hand, a face, a gesture(140). Soyinka is desperate to see anything that he can relate to human life. Anything that assures him that even though he has no contact with humans that life is still going on. Anything that reminds him that theres the possibility that he could one day enter back into the life that he has been exiled from. Soyinka continues describing things he strains to see thorough the peephole including, more often a blur of khaki, the square planted rear of the guard on the other side (140). Not only does Soyinka strain to see any part of the human body itself, but also anything else that reminds him of human beings. Something we take for granted everyday Soyinka finds as a connection to the outside world. Its clear through his description of vision seeing through the peephole that Soyinka is desperate for human interaction and is clearly very lonely. Later in the essay Soyinka makes reference to the limited but present amount of sky that he is able to see in his cell; a sky the size of a napkin trapped by small spikes and broken bottles, but a sky (140). Through his describing the sky Soyinka finds another way of connecting to the outside world. The sky that he looks upon is the same one that people look upon everyday, and to him it makes the correlation to the human life he longs to be living. Soyinka knows that when he was once living and surrounded by human contact that he was covered by the same sky that he sees in his cell. It serves as a reminder to him that although trapped he can still carry a piece of his old life within him. His memories of his old life can help make up for the emptiness inside of him in his time of being alone. Soyinka also describes the birds he can see from his cell, Vultures perch on a roof just visible from another yard. And crows. Egrets overfly my crypt and bats swarm at sunset (140). Through his description of the birds Soyinka once again describes something living in order to make up for the fact that he feels so alone, and in a sense dead. It seems that in Soyinkas description of the birds that he almost longs to be them, to be able to fly and be free. Soyinka envies the birds for they arent trapped alone and they have access to the world unlike him. Soyinka eventually discovers a new peephole in his cell and once again he strains to see anything he can to keep himself from being so lonely. Soyinka talks of counting feet walking by in order to keep some kind of reality And now feetthe procession goes by and I count (141). By counting the feet Soyinka can establish the slightest relationship to any kind of outside life. Its almost as if by counting the feet Soyinka can relate to the prisoners and make up for the emptiness he is feeling, and not seem to be so alone. Although they arent trapped there with him the

How to Get a Student Loan Step-by-Step Guide

How to Get a Student Loan Step-by-Step Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips For many students, loans are vital to being able to afford an education. The cost of a college education in the US is cost-prohibitive for many families, and loans help to close the gap between what school costs and what families can actually afford. As of last year, over 40 million Americans are working to pay off student debt. Learning how to get student loans sounds daunting and burdensome, but if you’re smart about how and where you get your loans, taking on debt can be a manageable option. Here, I’ll walk you through all the steps to getting student loans, including calculating your own need, finding loans, applying for loans, and managing repayment. First, though, I'll talk a little bit about how student loans work. How Loans Work This explanation is a bit simplified, but you should come away with a good general idea of how loans function. If you know how loans work, you'll be better able to find and apply for loans that are good fits for your needs. By definition, a loan is a sum of money that you (the borrower) is given by a person or entity (the lender) with the expectation that you'll pay it back with extra charges tacked on (the interest). When you repay student loans, you'll usually make monthly payments on the sum you borrowed (the principle) plus interest that has built up, or accrued. The bigger the principle, the higher the interest rate, and the longer you take to pay off your loan = more money that you have to pay back in interest. Details like length of repayment and interest rates will vary widely among loan options. Some loans come with extra perks (like the Direct Subsidized loan). There isn't anything particularly complicated about most loans, but some of the financial jargon can be confusing if you're new to it. If you're clear on the basics of how loans work, you can move on to the next step of getting a loan: calculating how much you need. How Much Do You Need? Before you actually apply for loans, you should have a general idea of how much funding you'll need. Follow these steps to get an estimate of how much loan money you should get to pay for college. Step 1: Determine How Much Your School Will Cost The total amount of money it costs to attend a particular school for one year is called its Cost of Attendance, or CoA. The CoA is an average (so your own unique cost might be more or less), and includes expenses like tuition, room, board, books, fees, transportation, and personal expenditures. You can check out a particular school’s CoA by Googlingâ€Å"[school name] cost of attendance.† You can get more info about college expenses and costs here. Step 2: Use Your Family's Financial Information to Determine What You Can Afford to Pay If there's a gap between your school's CoA and what your family can afford to pay,don’t panic! Not every school will be an affordable option for all students, federal and institutional grants and scholarships can really help fill that gap, especially for low income students. If a gap remains after grants and scholarships, you can then consider whether student loans are a good option for you. One way to "officially" calculate how much your family can afford is by using the FAFSA4caster. A major source of student aid is the federal government, and an important number that they use to calculate aid eligibility is called the Expected Family Contribution, or EFC. By using the FAFSA4caster, you can estimate your EFC, which schools will also use to award aid.You can get step-by-step instructions for calculating your EFC here. After you’ve completed the FAFSA4caster estimate, you’ll have an idea of your EFC. Additionally, you’ll know if you’re eligible for any federal grants, which will fill the gap between what you can afford and what your school costs. Finally, when you finish your estimate, you’ll know if you’re eligible for any Direct Subsidized or Direct Unsubsidized federal loans. Once you're informed about much money you may need to take out in loans, you can start searching for loans that are good fits for you and your family. Where to Get Student Loans There are so many options when it comes to student loan lenders. It would be impossible to provide an exhaustive list, but I'll outline a few great places to start. There are two main types of student loans - federal and private - and I'll discuss both. Student loan lenders are everywhere - the following tips will help you start finding your own student loans. Federal Loans Federal loans are loans backed by the federal government. Many federal loan programs are meant to assist low-income students and their families, although some don't require you to demonstrate any financial eligibility requirements to be considered eligible. Interest rates are generally competitive, and don't vary based on your or your parents' credit history. To get any federal aid, including loans, you need to meet basic federal eligibility requirements. Certain loans, like the Perkins and the Direct Subsidized, have other requirements as well. You can read more about basic federal eligibility requirements here. If you’re eligible for federal loans, they’ll be included in schools’ financial aid packages, along with any grants and scholarships. You get to decide what parts of the financial aid package you accept, and what parts you’ll reject;you don’t have to take on any loans if you have other ways of paying for school (e.g. an outside scholarship). Other federal loans worth checking out include Direct Unsubsidized, Stafford, and PLUS loans. Private Loans Quite a few banks offer private student loans, many of which require a cosigner (e.g. an adult with a solid credit history who signs the loan with you). If your parents are clients of a particular bank, you might start by looking for student loans at that institution. Make sure to shop around, though; check with other lenders to see if they offer you better terms, including lower interest rates. If your parents havea financial adviser, it would be ideal if you could check with him or herabout good student loan terms based on your family’s financial situation. How to Apply for Student Loans The loan application process and timeline will vary depending on what type of loans you plan on taking out. I'll talk generally about how to apply for both federal and private loans, although you should confirm the details with your lender, especially if you're taking out private loans; each lending institution will have its own protocols. Applying for Federal Student Loans You can apply for all federal financial aid, including student loans, by submitting one application: the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA. You submit the FAFSA every year that you'd like to be considered for aid. The federal FAFSA deadline for the 2015-2016 academic year is June 30, 2016. Generally, it's wise to submit your FAFSA much earlier than the federal deadline so that you don't miss out on opportunities for funding that tends to run out (the Perkins loan, for example, usually has limited funds available). Students usually submit their FAFSAs in the early spring; you can even submit your application as early as January 1 for the upcoming academic year. To optimize your federal aid eligibility, you'll want to submit your FAFSA even before you hear back from schools if you're a first-year student - say, early spring. You'll then receive notice from schools regarding your acceptance. Schools will put together financial aid packages based on information generated from your FASFA. At that point, you would decide what parts of the financial aid package you would accept, and what parts you would reject. Applying for Private Student Loans Unlike for federal loans, there's no singular application for private student loans. You would have to submit a separate application at each institution (usually a bank) that offers a student loan you're interested in. Many private loans require a cosigner - someone who has more established credit (e.g. a parent) who signs the loan with you. This person is like your lender’s loan insurance - students typically have little to no income or credit history, so if you don’t make payments, this cosigner is held responsible. The better your credit history or your cosigner’s credit history, the better the loans that are available to you. If the financial aid package provided by your school doesn't offer enough in grants, scholarships, or federal loans, you would then consider applying to private loans. How to Get Your Loan Money Once you’ve found a loan that’s a good fit for you, you’ll sign a promissory note. This is a written promise that you’ll pay back the money you owe by a specific date (e.g. 10 years after your loan grace period ends). Federal loans will probably be disbursed, or paid out, to your school directly. The money will be applied to any charges on your school account. If there’s any left over, your school will provide it to you in the form of a refund. If you don't need that refund money, it’s smart to just use the refund to make a payment on the loan Private student loans are also often disbursed directly to your school. Same as with federal loans, you’ll be awarded a refund if there’s any money left over. Caveats: What to Look Out For Before you go ahead and sign that promissory note, there are a few things you should consider. Student debt can very very rarely be discharged in bankruptcy, unlike many other types of debt. If you take on student loans, you’re stuck with them forever. If someone cosigns on your student loans with you, they’re stuck with the debt if you can’t afford to make your minimum monthly payments. Basically, don't take out more in loans than you're comfortable with, if you can help it. Anticipate your realistic career trajectory and earning potential for the 10 years or so after you graduate - this will help you decide whether the debt is manageable. For special types of loans, like the Perkins, consider that you may be able to arrange for loan cancellation. When it comes to student debt, it's important that you don't bite off more than you can chew. If you find that you're uncomfortable with the amount of debt that you would need to take on in order to attend a particular school, there are a few things you can do. Try researching scholarship opportunities, and bring your concerns to the school's financial aid office. If you're still uncomfortable with the loan amounts, consider whether it would be a better financial decision to attend a less expensive school. How to Pay Off Your Loans So you've taken out student loans - you won't have to worry about paying that money back until after you've graduated, right? Although that's technically true, there are steps you can take while you're still in school to reduce your total loan payment amount. If you can, make payments during school/grace/deferment, especially if interest is accruing. You’ll save money in the long run. The following charts demonstrates the long-term financial outcomes of two hypothetical students - they've taken out the exact same loan, but one student makes payments on her interest while in school whereas the other doesn't. Their interest capitalizes, or is added to their principle, at graduation. Take a look: Student A Student B Principle $5,000 $5,000 Interest Rate 10% 10% Interest accrued during 4 years of school $2,000 $2,000 Interest paid during 4 years of school $2,000 $0 Balance due at graduation $5,000 $7,000 Monthly payment (for a standard 10-year repayment plan) $66.08 $92.51 Total amount paid $9,930 $,100 By paying off her interest while she was still in school, Student A saves almost $1,200 in the long run. You won't be obligated to make any payments as a student, but it doesn'thurt to throw some money at your loans every now and again if you have some to spare. Another strategy to make the repayment process a bit easier is to set up automatic payments to avoid late fees. If you're consistently making at least your minimum payments on time every month, you'll also give your credit score a boost. Speaking of payments: if you have multiple loans with different interest rates, make larger payments on your high-interest loans to pay them off first. As you might have deduced from taking a look at the chart above, the faster you kill interest, the more money you'll save in the long run. You won't always be expected to make monthly payments on your loans, however. If you go back to school and won’t have an income, you can often get your loan deferred. If you lose your job, or aren't able to make payments for some other reason, you can look into other repayment plan options, like income-based or graduated repayment plans. Above all, keep your loan servicer in the loop; they'd rather reduce interest or monthly payments than not get their money back at all, so it's in their best interest to work with you if you're struggling. What's Next? Want to get a head start on those loan interest payments? You might want to think about getting a job before you leave for college - read our guide on the best jobs for teens.If you're already in college, you should check out the federal work study program for job opportunities. If you're still knee-deep in student loan research, read our guides on the Direct Subsidized, Direct Unsubsidized, and Perkins loan programs. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Challenges Employees face with electronic health records Research Paper

Challenges Employees face with electronic health records - Research Paper Example Hence, there will be three parts in the research methodology, 1- description of the research strategy, 2- description of sampling strategy and 3- detail description and justification of the data collection instruments. As the researcher will use questionnaire survey method to collect data hence the study will also highlight ethical issues associated with the paper. Research Strategy The researcher has the option to select either qualitative research or quantitative research to conduct the analysis but the researcher will use quantitative research techniques for analyzing demographic variables while qualitative methodology will be used in order to analyze data from the perception perspective of respondents. Quantitative research methodology helps researchers to address â€Å"what is† and â€Å"what might be† components in any research question while qualitative methodology helps in understanding perception of respondents (Roslender 250). Qualitative research methodology can also be used in order to social praxis of the research problem or critical issues regarding any kind of process change (Tinker 18.1; 101). Although these researchers used quantitative research methodology for accounting research but quantitative research methodology can be successfully used for addressing business research problems (Saunders, Lewis, and Adrian 100-102). Hence the researcher will use mix of quantitative and qualitative research technique backed by primary and secondary data sources. Key purpose of this paper is to understand â€Å"how employees at Eye Health Vision Centers feel about the transition from paper charts to Electronic Health Records† Hence the questionnaire will be decided on the basis of this primary research questions and staff in the ophthalmology centers will be the key participants in the questionnaire survey. As mentioned in the module 1, a particular ophthalmology centre (name of the centre will not be used due to confidentiality norm in ethical form) will be selected as the study setting. Any survey is incomplete without questionnaire while close ended questionnaire used in order to check response of respondents on particular topic and open ended questions are used in order to gather perception of respondents. However, in case of medical research on perception of staff about particular system, it is better to use open ended questionnaire (Whiddett, Hunter, Engelbrecht and Handy 75; 532). Hence, the researcher will use open ended questions will be used in order to understand experience of staff at ophthalmology centre regarding transition from paper charts to Electronic Health Records. There is more than 40 staff in the ophthalmology centre and they work in different department in the ophthalmology centre hence researcher will need to identify mutually exclusive but collectively exhaustive sample size which can represent the behavior of sample population. Hence, in the next section, the researcher will brief the sa mpling strategy that has been selected for the research. Sampling Strategy In the ophthalmology centre, there are more than 40 employees and each of the employees has different experience regarding

''Have courage to use your own reason''-that is th motto of Essay

''Have courage to use your own reason''-that is th motto of enlightenment. What according to Kant is the the task for mankind in - Essay Example Kant argued that enlightenment in a man pertains to a state when the latter has overcome or emerged above his immature self whereby it is claimed that beyond man’s immaturity, there exists sufficient capacity to understand in the absence of external guiding principle. In this proposition, the immaturity of an individual is considered to be imposed upon oneself and an immature person ought to be relieved of anxiety in seeking the ability to discern. On this ground, humans are summoned to initiate with a certain level of responsibility by acknowledging the significance of courage in order to be willing to acquire pertinent means to understand. Otherwise, Kant further stressed that, people who think themselves capable find it rather of an advantage to their ends to obtain guardianship for those who become weakened either by cowardice or indolence. This, if well-managed apart from any trace of corruption or bribery, can serve to put the immature ones on a learning situation where they can start to gain insights which would in turn drive them to exertion. Guardianship or assuming a role with a sense of significant accountability for a portion of incapable multitude occurs to be a serious deed of necessary guidance toward enlightenment, at least the initial step in launching a mature realization. On exercising such potentials, obstacles and frustration are inevitable but a guardian must not cease from anticipating good and poor results alike since the majority of common public who are slaves to idleness have, by frequency of being, been accustomed to remain as they are. Bringing them to the level of maturity entails breaking away from a lifelong habit, hence, enlightenment would be gradual in teaching and learning process that extends to the willful duty to look after the manner by which a thinking is reformed from inaction to the stage filled with sensibility and dynamic rationalization. Enlightenment comes with the wisdom to ascertain which set of reasons is mature enough to be helped at improving one’s well-being upon which the government can act by exposing a dumb nation to several areas of knowledge and non-academic programs that naturally foster a mentally stimulating atmosphere. Once the unknowing citizens begin to recognize both their worth and unique abilities along the way, this marks the first stage of enlightenment that, little by little, proceeds in yielding the desired maturity to deal satisfactorily with personal growth and development. Considering the basic principle behind the motto of enlightenment, in taking courage to avail of one's unique rationalization, a will to freedom breaks off the leash of underdevelopment that makes man complacent with ordinary living without seeing the essence of risks to meet ends that are far more rewarding and sensible in human existence. Where one acknowledges this step as a way to be emancipated out of the old self accompanied with foolish habits, there comes the necessary initia tive or assertion followed by a transforming act to acquire a firm stand over matters. Having courage to use one's own reason gradually progresses in abolishing slavery to the contentment of avoiding fear toward responsibility for one's unique position because then the person sees possibilities of

Human Evolution Essay Example for Free

Human Evolution Essay Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago. [2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of h uman evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Ho minidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution i nvolves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Ho minidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies s how that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo. Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal H ominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolutio n involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into th e australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption o f the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genet ic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies s how that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usua lly covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption o f the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo. Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal H ominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. While it began with the last common ancestor of all life, the topic usually covers only the evolutionary history of primates, in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids (or great apes). The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.[1] Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago.[2] The family Hominidae diverged from the Hylobatidae (Gibbon) family 15-20 million years ago, and around 14 million years ago, the Ponginae (orangutans), diverged from the Hominidae family.[3] Bipedalism is the basic adaption of the Hominin line, and the earliest bipedal Hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, with Ardipithecus, a full bipedal, coming somewhat later. The gorilla and chimpanzee diverged around the same time, about 4-6 million years ago, and either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may be our last shared ancestor with them. The early bipedals eventually evolved into the australopithecines and later the genus Homo.

3D-finite Element Analysis of Beam Design

3D-finite Element Analysis of Beam Design Abstract: Any design and development activities involves in huge amount of time and money in bringing out the final product to the market, whilst functionality of the product being crucial under all scenarios without fail or malfunctioning over a period of time. Earlier design was carried out by the conventional methods from planning to final manufacturing of a components and the behavior of the product was understood only when it was not meeting its functionality. Recent developments in the above said area is vast, as this enables an engineer to study the behavior of a component/assembly, whist suggesting precautionary measures or a possible solution in validating the member thereby saves an organization time and effort. Thanks to the recent developments in the field of Stress analysis, along with the CAD packages, which actually enable us to visualize the component in 3D and analysis and design, validate it before it is actually released for manufacturing. Furthermore the robustness of CAE packages enables us to visualize the behavior of the component/assembly when it is actually put to work defining constrains under which it has to perform. Industries strongly rely on these packages to reduce the time and money involvement of a company and it is important for an Engineer to adapt the methods presented in this paper in the right approach so as to meet the design criteria which should be practical in nature. Introduction: This paper demonstrates the Design of a beam which has to be validated under several constrains/operating conditions, and understanding its behavior under these real time situations. Application of Stress methods using Solid Works Simulation package is demonstrated to understand the behavior of the beam. 3D Finite element analysis is one of the approaches in understanding the behavior of the load paths under different situations and with different boundary conditions. Several beam sections are validated to design the best beam under the given load conditions and the best beam based on several criteria are made, by demonstrating several plots. Hand/Theoretical calculations and results from Simulation are interpreted in order to study the behavior of the beam. Methods of this Stress Simulation and relevant steps are explained by plotting various plots like the Stress, Displacement and Factor of Safety by relevant comments at certain stages are done for the company to understand the process and design validation. Further it is important for the safety engineer to understand the usage of 3D finite element method so as to interpret the results and to make design changes before the component being put it function. Beam analysis: [Part 1] The figure below shows the beam on which the loads are acting at points P1, P2 and P3 of magnitude 18KN, 26KN and 20KN respectively. Beam 1 and 2 are bolted with pins through the two beams and the beam is supported at two locations. Analyzing the above situation, several considerations are needed in order to apply and analyze the situation. The above situation is a case of simply supported beams at either ends and loaded at the center. Design phase: The given sections are designed using Solid works package as per the dimensions provided. The cross-section of beams designed is plotted below. Consider the cross-section 1 for analysis. Below shows the cross-section 1 with dimensions being A= 0.3m, B=0.3m respectively. 3D element solid element type analysis using finite element method: Cross-section 1: [Beam with circular hole] As shown above the assembly is created using solid works as Solidworks.asm format and is meshed and analysis is carried out. Several steps are carried out like constrains, load conditions, assigning material are done in order to study the behavior of the assembly. Load points are defined at three locations as shown; either of the beams is connected by means of metal pads of 3mm thick with pins to support them. As we apply the loads at points P1, P2 and P3, simulation is carried out and a report on the desired results is obtained and are plotted below. Further to the design of the beam with relevant dimensions, simulation of the assembly is carried out using Solid works simulation. Several boundary conditions are implied, like the loads at the given locations, applying material, bolts at four locations and finally meshing the assembly to perform the analysis. Repeating the above procedure for rest of the cross-sections for design of beam, following plots will account for the values of Von-misses stress, displacement and factor of safety. Deflection Calculations: From the bending moment diagram, we observe that the maximum deflection occurs at the centre of the beam. The maximum load due to all the three loads can be found out. By using the Principle of Superposition, the deflection due to each load can be interpolated to the centre. Consider a load P acting on a beam AB at a distance of a from end A as shown in figure. The bending moment plot shown in figure above, shows a discontinuity at the point x=a. Solving for each of the lengths of the beam For length AD, (d2y /dx2) = (M/EI) = (Pbx/EIL) 1 Integrating equation 1, we get, y = (Pbx3/6EIL) For length DB, y = (Pax3/2EI) (Pax3/6EIL) + B1x + B2 To determine the four constants A1 and A2, two boundary conditions and two continuity conditions are used. For segment AD, y (0) = 0 = A2 For segment DB, y (L) = 0 = (PaL2/3EI) + B1L + B2 Equating the deflections and slope on both segments at x=a, and solving the four equations, we get, A1 = (Pb/6EIL) (L2 b2) A1 = 0 B1 = (Pa/6EIL) (2L2 + a2) B2 = (Pa3/6EI) Hence we get the following equation, for length AD y = (Pbx/6EIL) (x2 L2 + b2) . (2) Considering the load P1 = 18KN, the deflection at midpoint, we have, P = 18000N, x = 1.4m, b = 1.9m, L = 2.8m, E = 220 X 109N/m2. Substituting these values in equation (2), we get y = (2.9407 X 10-8) / I m Hence, below are the values For cross section 1: y1circle = 0.04523mm For cross section 2: y1oct = 0.0454mm For cross section 3: y1sqr = 0.0465mm For cross section 4: y1isect = 0.06022mm For segment AD, using the expressions obtained for B1 and B2 in the deflection equation, we get, y = (Pa/6EIL) [(x3/2) (x3/6L) {x (2L2 + a2)/6L} + (a2/6)] 2 Considering the load P2 = 20KN, deflection at mid point can be calculated using, P = 20000N, x = 1.4m, a = 1.7m, L = 2.8m, E = 220 X 109 N/m2. Substituting the above values in equation (2), the deflection at mid point D is found to be: y = (2.2074 X 10-8)/I m Hence, For cross section 1: y2circle = 0.03395mm For cross section 2: y2oct = 0.0341mm For cross section 3: y2sqr = 0.0349mm For cross section 4: y2isect = 0.0452mm Similarly, considering the load P3 = 26000N, deflection at mid point is, y = (54.0484 X 10-9)/I m Hence, For cross section 1: y3circle = 0.0831mm For cross section 2: y3oct = 0.0835mm For cross section 3: y3sqr = 0.0854mm For cross section 4: y3isect = 0.1107mm Total deflection is given by: y = y1 + y2 + y3 Hence, For cross section 1: y = 0.1622mm For cross section 2: y = 0.1630mm For cross section 3: y = 0.1668mm For cross section 4: y = 0.2161mm Factor of safety for the beams. Factor of safety is given by the formula: FOS = ?yield / ?max Given, yield stress of the material, ?yield = 650N/mm2 Using the above data, we get, For cross section 1: FOS = (650/8.6) = 75.58 For cross section 2: FOS = (650/8.64) = 75.23 For cross section 3: FOS = (650/8.84) = 73.53 For cross section 4: FOS = (650/11.46) = 56.72 By the above results, the cross section with the highest FOS can be chosen for designing the beam. Hence it can be recommended to choose the cross section with circular hole for final design. Part 2 The zone is red color is critical, means it has high stress and displacement. Hence clamping used will play a major role. From the plot, the maximum displacement at this location is 0.6511 mm, which is less than the customers expectations and hence the design is safe. As this displacement is almost 3.8 times of the specified value [2.5mm], no design changes or precautions would be needed. Therefore, Maximum displacement < Specified value. Part 3 Finite element method is one of the methods widely used and applied among the industries in the recent years and is used to study the behavior of the part by assigning various properties on to it. Method of simulation: Static studies in Solid works simulation calculate displacements, reaction forces, strains, stresses, failure criterion, factor of safety, and error estimates. Available loading conditions include point, line, surface, acceleration (volume) and thermal loads are available. Below criteria are important and are followed in this document so as to obtain values which are realistic in nature; The approach is done in three phases and are, Bottom up assembly-Phase 1 Defining load points-Phase 2 Simulation-Phase 3 Phase 1. Assembly of beams with relevant dimensions was done with fully defining the sketch geometry. Generating bosses with desired lengths and creating the profile as needed. Mates being defined between each parts using mate options in assembly mode. Phase 2. Split of 10mm was done at the top surface of the beam was done in order to imply point loads. Phase 3. Solid works simulation tool was used to access the simulation options. Steel was applied from the material database for all the components in the assembly. Connections were defined so as to make the assembly a rigid structure by defining the locations and this creates an effect of holding both the beams by means of bolts. Fixtures create an effect of holding the beam as required and are done at the either ends. Loads in terms of Newton were applied on to the points which were defined at phase 2. Mesh size was defined for the entire assembly and this inturn divides the geometry and several nodes are created for analysis. Finally the meshed model will provide us the study report, Von-misses stress, Factor of safety and Displacement of all the four cross-sections are obtained. Possible mistakes in simulation: It is up to the safety engineer in order to take extreme care before the analysis is performed so as to avoid the failure or inaccurate results during or before the simulation is actually performed. Mistakes should be avoided to the maximum extent while conducting simulation, as this might deviate the results and are not practical in nature and hence lead to misinterpretation. Some of them are listed below. Applying the material: This result in wrong stress and strain plots, displacement plots, Factor of safety, this inturn results in wrong load path distribution. Defining boundary conditions: Defining boundary conditions is crucial in terms of accurate results. Loadings should be done as per the real situation and unwanted assumptions have to be avoided. Generating mesh: Applying mesh is one of the important criteria as this procedure being the base on which the elements of the member or the beam is divided into several millions of individual pieces and are analyzed by applying degrees of freedom. Mesh size: Mesh size is important in order the material/component to take the load conditions. Larger mesh could result in small deflection and results may not be practical in nature. Clamping face: Wrong clamping face in simulation would completely alter the end result and this leads in wrong interpretation of the results obtained from the stress plot, displacement plots and Factor of safety. Mesh sizes and types: Solid works simulation currently includes solid continuum elements, curved surface shell elements (thin and thick) and truss and frame line elements. The shells are triangular with three vertex nodes or three vertex and three mid-edge nodes. Solids are tetrahedral with four vertex nodes or four vertex and six mid-edge nodes. They use linear and quadratic interpolation for the solution based on whether they have two or three nodes on an edge. The linear elements are also called simplex elements because their number of vertices is one more than the dimension of the space. The size of each element indicates a region where the solution is approximated by a spatial polynomial. Most finite element systems, including SW Simulation, use linear or quadratic complete polynomials in each element. You can tell by inspection which is being used by looking at an element edge. If that line has two nodes the polynomial is linear. If it has three nodes then the polynomial is quadratic. When the model is set for simulation, the program sub-divides the model into many tetrahedral small elements, these small points share a common point called as NODE. Below shows the small element where a common node is shared by curves, lines and edges. Difference between hand calculation and simulation: Few difference do exists between theoretical and hand calculations. Hand calculations: Hand calculations are often called as theoretical calculations, because of the fact that it does not take into consideration of several constrains could not be defined as we could do it in simulations. Material cannot be assigned in hand calculations. Mesh cannot be created for better and accurate result. Deflection, stress plot, displacement plots could not be visualized in hand calculations. Several assumptions might be required and thereby accounts in the deviation of the result from that of simulation. Hand calculations are based on the available formulae like from the design data hand book and are not different compared to simulation results. Result analysis like the animation of the result and high stress regions could not be obtained from hand calculations. Changes in boundary conditions would require repeating the procedure in hand calculations and time consuming process. Conclusion: Study of 3D-Finite element analysis of beam design assembly, address the capabilities of simulation. The idea of using the presented methods and techniques helps in optimizing the product before manufactured. This helps an industry in being changing their design at this stage based on the results obtained from simulation. Simple to complex parts/assemblies are simulated by this method, by defining several boundary conditions. The advancement in FEA area is vast, and has the capabilities of creating an environment of real time engineering situation and much finer results could also be obtained, as it provides options for finer mesh and hence more accurate the results. Finally this method of optimizing or validating the product at the initial level before design is done, has its own advantages, whilst it is worth understanding the customers requirement along with understanding the basic concepts of FEA makes a worth effort towards any engineering problem. Hence I strongly suggest for any organization to follow the process of FEA and get the full benefit of the same, as they could save time in the process of optimization of the product. References: Class tutorial. S Timo shenko and D H young. 5th Edition. Elements of strength of materials. Strength of materials by Bela I. Sandor. Solid works study material. Strength of materials by Ferdinand L. Singer and Andrew Pytel, 3rd Edition Strength of materials by Surya Patnaik and Dale Hopkins, Title: A new unified theory for the 21st century.

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Essay

Reread the story â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge.† Think carefully about the following questions. They will help guide your reading and thinking about the story. Answer the questions in a thoughtful manner using complete sentences. 1.What is Peyton Farquhar’s occupation? Farquhar is a Southern slave owner who adores and tries to help the Confederate Army. 2.Why is he not a soldier, officer, or part of the army? He is not a soldier, officer, or part of the army because of circumstances of which are unknown. 3.How much time actually elapses between the opening and closing lines of Part III? Only a few minutes pass by between the opening and closing lines of Part III. 4.Describe the setting at the opening of the story. In the beginning of the story Farquhar is standing on a railroad above water with his hands bound with rope and a noose around his neck. There are two soldiers from the Northern Army, a sergeant, and a captain surrounds him. 5.Describe Peyton Farquhar’s last thoughts. Farquhar’s last thoughts are about escaping the execution and hail of bullets and go visit his family and wife. His wife was the last thought in his mind before he died from the execution. 6.Identify and describe the sound that disturbs the thoughts going through his mind. The sound that Farquhar hears is the amplified sound of the metallic clink of his watch disturbs his thoughts. 7.In the flashback of the story’s second section, who visits Peyton Farquhar? A Northern soldier comes to visit Farquhar at his home. 8.What plan does Farquhar conceive as a result of this visit? The Northern soldier is in disguise as a Confederate and informs Farquhar that he could easily set fire to the driftwood by the bridge. Farquhar accepts this idea. 9.What does Farquhar imagine in the story’s last section? Farquhar imagines that he walks back home and admire the landscape and is eager to return home. His wife comes to meet him but then a white light and silence engulf him with his death. 10.Ironically, what is his real fate? His real fate is death, but he imagines life while death proceeds him. 11.Summarize what you think this story reveals about the psychology of a person in a life or death situation. I think that in a life or death situation a person thinks about who they love and really embrace it. They think about the good and long so bad for life. 12.How does Bierce prepare us for the final outcome of the story? Bierce prepares the audience for the end of the story by setting up the beginning to be reality and then has flashbacks through out to reveal the irony in the end. 13.Do you think the writer tries to enlist your sympathies toward either the Union or Confederate side? Or, does the story seem more focused on a more general theme about the nature of war? Cite details from the story to support your answer. I think that the writer tries to earn your sympathy for the Confederates by describing how the Union posed as a Confederate to trick Farquhar which ultimately leads to his death. Also the writer tries to make Farquhar out to be in a way innocent and patriotic for his country and his Southern Army. There are mostly negatives about the Union in this story which makes the Confederates out to be good.

Deductive Method Versus Inductive Method

Written Report in Principles of Teaching DEDUCTIVE METHOD VERSUS INDUCTIVE METHOD All teaching methods can be classified into two, namely deductive method and inductive method. The deductive method, the teacher tells or shows directly what he/she wants to teach. The inductive method begins with questions, problems and details and end up with answers, generalizations and conclusions. Deductive method, in this method the teacher presents first the main topic she will discuss. Explain the subject matter before students make activities.The advantage of deductive method the students will not have a lot of questions because they already understand the topic, and it will be easy for them to answer the different activities. And the disadvantage of this method, the students can’t participate because only the teacher is the one who is discussing the topic. Inductive method, in this method the students are more involved in teaching learning process the students can give a lot of ideas ab out the topic and the teacher will be the facilitator and the guide , they will correct the wrong ideas of the learners.And the learners will be more creative and knowledgeable because the class will start in the different activities and exercises. But it also have disadvantages , because in this method it requires more time, because the class started at the activities and exercises , a lot of time are uses in answering the different activities and exercises and there is only a little time to discuss the topic.It also has different approaches the blended learning, reflective teaching, metacognitive approach and constructivist approach. The blended learning is learning that is facilitated by the effective combination of different modes of delivery, the reflective teaching students/teachers learn through an analysis and evaluation of past experiences. Metacognitive approach is an approach that makes our students thinks about their thinking.The constructivist approach is anchored on th e belief that every individual constructs and reconstructs meanings depending on past experiences. As a future teacher we should be familiar to this different methods and approaches so we will know what kind of method and approaches that we should use on how the students will learn most. Donalyn S. Alicpala BEED II-A

Dna and Dna Replication Essay

Dna and Dna Replication Essay Dna and Dna Replication Essay * Gregor Mendel had no experience with DNA – did pea pod experiment * Proteins at one point were considered as the genetic material * Miescher: found a phosphorus rich substance in puss cells * Levene: isolated 2 types of nucleic acids * Hammerling: worked with acetabularia. (Reciprocal graft experiment) * Griffith: wanted to make a vaccine. * Worked with Live S strain and R strain. * A chemical substance from one cell is capable of genetically transforming another cell * Conjugation (transforming principle) * Avery, MacLeod and McCarty extended Griffiths experiment. * Used RNase, Proteases and DNase. * According to Chargaff’s rule: A=T and C=G * Hershey and Chase: worked with the bacteriophages * Tagged on batch in a radioisotope of Sulfur and one in Phosphorus * Mixed bacteriophages with bacteria (bacterial cells are infected) * Agitate to remove phages from bacterial cells * Centrifuge: so that the bacterial cells form pellets * Is the radioactivity in the pellet, or the liquid? Ta da. * DNA: characteristics in species, variation, control cellular processes and replication. * Rosalind Franklin: helical structure, 2 nm in diameter, bases are hydrophobic, sugar phosphate backbones are hydrophilic * Antiparallel, 5’ – 3’, complementary base pairing * 2 Challenges of RNA: must be compact to prevent interference with other cellular processes and must be protected from hydrolytic enzymes * In prokaryotes, genetic material is in a double stranded single DNA. It undergoes supercoiling. * Organization of genetic material in eukaryotes: * 8 histones are wrapped by DNA and locked by H1 histone forming a nucleosome * Nucleosomes line up making a solenoid structure * The log chain of nucleosomes loop in on each other and attach to a protein scaffold * Then the protein scaffold loops in on itself making a chromosome DNA REPLICATION * 3 models: Semi-conservative, conservative and dispersive * Process of DNA replication: Initiation, Elongation and Termination * DNA gyrase: swivels to release tension. (Cutting and gluing) * DNA helicase: unwinds and unzips * SSB proteins: allows the strands to stay separated * DNA polymerase III: works after RNA primase and synthesizes in the 5’ to 3’ direction. * RNA primase: lays down primer which is the start point of DNA replication * Prevention of losing genes: we have telomeres (buffers) * Erosion of telomeres = cell death * DNA polymerases act as

Euphemisms for Job Loss

Euphemisms for Job Loss Euphemisms for Job Loss Euphemisms for Job Loss By Maeve Maddox The unfortunate occasion of being dismissed from employment can be expressed in numerous ways. Some of the more familiar expressions are: to be made redundant to receive a pink slip to be dismissed to be discharged to be laid off to be let go to lose one’s job to be fired to be got rid of to be booted out to be given the boot to get the sack to be sacked to be given one’s marching orders to get the ax/axe These homely expressions still appear in headlines: Pentagon gives pink slips to thousands of soldiers, including active-duty officers Digital strategy to axe tens of thousands of central government jobs Thousands of Woolworths staff face sack in Christmas week Thousands of Doctors Fired by United Healthcare However, when it comes to carefully worded announcements issued by people doing the firing, today’s reader must exercise advanced skills of textual interpretation. Here are some of the ways firing people is described by public relations officers: realigning the workforce reallocating resources focusing on involuntary attrition rightsizing the company offering unpaid leave with the option to pursue new employment eliminating redundancy smart-sizing the company redeploying workers rewiring for growth eliminating positions rethinking our future adjusting to shifts in demand rebalancing human capital re-engineering simplifying streamlining going in another direction And my personal favorite: decruiting. decruit (verb): to remove people working for an organization from their jobs because they are no longer needed. Clearly modeled on the word recruit, this poor little misshapen invention is already being used without scare quotes: the phenomenon of companies announcing their various intentions to decruit vast numbers of people.  Ã¢â‚¬â€œStanley Bing, Fortune. Teach leaders what they must know to decruit workers when necessary. –from a brochure for a business leader workshop sponsored by Penn State. Let go of the unalterable agents. If you can’t change their work habits, then change their work place. Decruit them. Let them go. –â€Å"Tips to Lead Your Company to Success,† Miami Association of Realtors. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About TalkingBody Parts as Tools of MeasurementArtist vs. Artisan

Repot Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Repot Plan - Research Paper Example Ever since then, the company has owned more than 17,000 distribution stores globally with its produce diversity ranging from drip brew coffee, snacks, salads, hot and cold sandwiches, coffee beans, and other hot and cold drinks. Today, Starbucks is facing solid competition from other coffee house organizations and the educational control globally (Schultz & Gordon, 2011). This paper outlines a three year strategic management proposal to Starbuck’s managing board of directors based on the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats of the company and other factors. This proposal wraps more than a few aspects that will significantly contribute to the growth and development of the Starbuck organization. The plan reviews several subjects such as strategic marketing procedures and attainable financial policy. In order for the Company to remain competitive in the world market, the management of the organization has to review several factors in the organization such as manage ment policies, obtainable opportunities, expansion and economic plan strengths, marketing, weaknesses, risks that the organization face in the market with exceptional knowledge of the capability of the strategic management plan. Within the span of three years, Starbucks should build customers confidence on their services and products such as take away services (Bussing-Burks, 2009). Take away services are appropriate and this will enable customer to carry their well packed products. This will make the customers have an option of purchasing Starbucks products because they are consistent and reliable The three year strategy should ensure that the organization remains to be one of the best coffee house companies globally. The managing board of directors should have more than a few mission statements that describe their products, their partners, their customers, and its stores. The managing board of directors should hire a strategic plan consultant and facilitator in order to aid the or ganization with strategic formulation and write the company’s vision and mission statements. Mission and vision statement are appropriate in the development of the three year strategy. The objective of the mission and vision statement is to target the audience and define the business. The descriptions of the company are determined by the mission and the vision statement of an organization (Bussing-Burks, 2009). Therefore, the managing board of directors should change the company’s description in order for the three year strategy to be achievable The business plan of Starbucks should illustrate the industry and the market knowledge as well as the research that will be conducted by the management for the organizational development. One of the major factors that should be considered by the managing board of directors is the industry description and outlook. Industry description and outlook involves the current size and the historic development rate and other factors that have contributed to the growth of the organization. This aspect is significant because it will assist the managing g board of directors to acquire appropriate information about the target market in the next three years. However, for effective success of the strategic management proposal, the managing board of directors should identify the SWOT analysis of Starbucks organization. The purpose of the strategic management is to ensure that in the next thre

Issue and Interdependence Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Issue and Interdependence - Research Paper Example It had been known to have started during the rise of industrialization. The need to quantify and analyze the level of industrial technology in a nation led to the stratification of the nations on the basis of their development in the discipline which is influential to every aspect of the society specifically economy. Upon the realization of the said need, countries considered as industrial leaders became the standards and models (Escobar 1995). Nations in the North America and Europe were considered as the model nations and were referred to as the First World nations because of being industrialized. The notion of the stratified world is the main principle that affected and is continuously dominating the modern era, specifically the post-World War II period in terms of the social, economic, cultural, and political aspects (Escobar 1995). The views on the different aspects of the society in the nations classified as Third World are the main targets of the discussion. The classification of the nations on the basis of the concept of the three worlds is often criticized due to prejudice. Some refer to the term as mythical and unreal while others contest that each of the different levels for example the Third World is a mental region which is considered ‘intellectual, metaphysical, and experiential’ in nature as desert is a climatic region, the exact location can only be determined by the types of organisms inhabiting the area (Norwine 1988). The Third World then can also be determined by the quality of like and the type of people and technology which can be found in the particular nation. To be able to present the objective of the paper, the different aspects and issues related to the society will be presented. The Aspects and Issues in the Third World There are important issues and aspects of life in the Third World. This includes social, political, economic, and cultural issues. But due to the interdependence and interconnectedness of the different fa ctors, one issue can simultaneously affect two or more aspects of life in the underdeveloped nations. Political Aspect Politics is one of the significant aspects that provides clue to the life in the Third World. Basically, one of the basic characteristics of leadership and government in nations belonging to the Third World is being a young. As compared to nations which had been stable for a long time, the nations in the Third World experienced political renewal, unrest, colonization, coups d’etat, change in the type of government, military leadership and dictatorship, or even war. This is the reason why these countries at the moment are still considered as developing and trying to catch up to the established, stable and developed countries of the First World (Lowder 1986). Based on the references, political struggle for stability is common in the Third World due to the effects of different issues specifically the need for survival since economy and source of livelihood is st ill a problem. Due to the tendency of the government to be unstable as a result of the multitude of problems needed to be dealt with, the concentration of power in a central government is the usual set-up. This is be able