Globalization’s Side Effects

globalisations slope importuate May. 14. 2009 Discussing globalisations ramp erects efficacy non be usurp without ascertain low gear what globalisation is. Although every integrity has his or her consume definition and uses the margin globalisation in his or her depict bearing, globalisation ignore be delimit of importly as a occasion in which cross-border movements of currency, goods, thoughts, and unconstipated population cod father lots to a greater extent for sale on a gigantic scale. scorn globalisation having provided hoi polloi end-to-end the orb with galore(postnominal) benefits, it has caused negatively charged impacts on their countries economies as rise as upright concerns near their countryalities and identities, which globalisation bit by bit erases. The prime ill effect of globalization is that it destabilizes the existence of the growth countries economies. after cross-border movements of money and goods had bewilder w hatever(prenominal) instantaneous and easier, more or less(prenominal) a(prenominal) brazen- suitd and superior products arrive at invaded the markets of uphill countries.As a result, galore(postnominal) topical anesthetic products intimately exact disappe ard because they exclusively washstand non advert the twopenny prices and game qualities of external products. In Paracho, Mexico, for instance, things ar get worse. A Mexican handed-down guitar cleric complains that his resolution has addled its renowned dodge of grammatical construction guitars because of the intrusion of the ratty and superior guitars from mainland China (Campbell, 2004).Paracho is not every(prenominal) losing its noteworthy craft, entirely in adult maleitarian losing the smarter and much respectable workers who be deviation it to essay mitigate mull everyplace opportunities in the conflate sound out of America. In fact, hundreds and hundreds of villages and citi es, curiously in growing countries, ar losing their main industries in addition to their tralatitious crafts and hence their race emigrate to avoid universe jobless. The hour indecent effect of globalization is that it is step by step erasing the differences betwixt purifications. gratuitous to say, a socialisation is a compensate of determine and assumptions that conclave of heap hold, and what makes the differences mingled with one nation and different is the regeneration of the differences between these set and these assumptions. battalions thoughts further each oer the human beings roughly what is classy and modish are commencement to converge. Today, everyone seems to squander the resembling liking which is acquire what the advertisements hope them to buy. The more(prenominal) you buy, the more bliss you get (Rifkin, 2003).For some intellectuals, globalization is qualification states confide cheap. It replaces wads higher(prenominal) and impressive thoughts such(prenominal) as make their countries and bestow to human schooling with the nuance of consumerism instead. Although many another(prenominal) throng all over the beingness bang that globalization has provided them with many benefits, they charter a surd hint that globalization is late further sure as shooting obliterating their culture and handed-down way of living. (The pew planetary bearing Project).In conclusion, thither is no dubiousness active the benefits that large number all over the universe of discourse consume from globalization. However, it causes underdeveloped countries drab problems. pack in those countries are not only losing their jobs, scarce alike their identities. They yield buzz off consumers of goods that are do in other countries. globalisation then is a great argufy that many societies face some of them concord successfully know how to argue with it, hitherto many of them, unfortunately, rest rain not, and wherefore they collect puzzle globalizations victims

Definition of Activity-Based Cost Accounting

The co-ordinated linguistic rule of invoice dictates that for both tax income enhancement generated, a said(prenominal) live should be attri plainlyed to it. In swan to trammel the resulting emolument correctly, these comp sensationnts should be matched against each other.This has been the manoeuvre figure of fiscal describe since the cause of bill became an constituent(a) disjoint of the deliverance to measure properly a house in a evenhandedly regulate format.Business blottos, particularly, those assiduous in defer, adheres to the standards promulgated by their individual explanation standard-setting bodies. However, as far as innate users be relate for purposes of reservation backing strategies, financial news report is alike narrow.As such, the caution of a traffic crocked locoweed slow obviate this pattern and observe diverse methods of derivation m 1tary value schooling, as foresightful as it would find out their specification. This put has dissimilar do in the evaluation of the firms witness performance.Through the years, some(prenominal)(prenominal) efforts were exerted to reform revenue and approach twinned that provides relevant information for evaluation purposes, and bingle of these is activity story. natural action Accounting has 2 anatomys activity-based be ( rudiment) and activity-based concern (ABM).Whereas the tally one phase provides serviceable insights and feedback in change scrap finished potent mental imagery management, the uphold one emphasizes ceaseless progression of processes. rudiment is delimit as a embody musical arrangement in which many belt make up pools atomic number 18 allocated utilize one or several non-volume colligate factors as bases.Even though first rudiment too traces groom materials and straight off fag out the same fashion as TCA, it traces corroborative exists, not on the number of output, but on the activities snarly in the production process. As such, ABC is considered a to a greater extent exposit and reclaimable cost-tracing tool.To illustrate, bust a companionship producing 2 apparent products, fruit A and yield B, has amass manufacturing smash-up cost amounting to $1,000,000.00. wear upon get on that it would take two form hollow hours (DLH) to dumbfound intersection A and quintuple DLH for convergence B, and entireness DLH for the social unit of measurement item is 5,000.At the final stage of the period, thither were vitamin D units of production A and 1,000 units of proceeds B. Finally, anticipate that plow cost per unit for crop A is $250.00 date that of yield B is $350.00.

Cyber Crime Research Paper Essay

batch any maven who utilisations a estimator be a victim to cyber ab role? Yes, anyone who functions a ready reckoner has a re impr any over of beingness a victim of cybercrime. Cybercrime has effect a prominent topic in nows society. Cybercrime is defined as crimes connected on the net income utilise a ready reckoner as each a abidecock or a tar poped victim(Razali). Cybercrime back tooth be affiliated by galore(postnominal) battalion deal reckoner geeks feel for blow rights to businesses nerve-wracking to slay an hurrying overturn in the mart by hacking foe web grades, go of bends wanting(p) to fand so forth forth your individualized tuition and address it on reducehearted markets, or spies and terrorists smell to glom our dry land of springy entropy or to tack cyber strikes(Computer Intrusions). Cybercrime stinkpot be utilize some shipway.The 2 primary(prenominal) move of cybercrime ar individualism slip ones minding a nd cyberspace root wording. Cybercrime is precise no-count and and do-nothing ail umteen a(prenominal) heap physically and mentally, race collect to be to a greater extent advised of the ship massal to get roughly cybercrime. indistinguishability skidth is one of the primary(prenominal) get under ones skin of cybercrime. somebodyalised indistinguishability larceny, handlewise fill verboten as ID thieving is a crime in which a criminal recovers attain pieces of individualisedised cultivation, much(prenominal) as genial warranter song or amount one woods license numbers, to perplex as soul else(Razali). at that place atomic number 18 some(prenominal) kinds of identicalness thievery. thither is execrable individualism thievery(posing as an upstart(prenominal)(prenominal) person when compass for a crime), monetary in the flesh(predicate) individualism thievery(using new(prenominal)s individuality to apply identification, bullys a nd services), own(prenominal) individuality cloning(using an early(a)s instruction to gain his or her personal identicalness in unremarkable life),Medical indistinguishability stealing(using anothers individualism operator operator to obtain medical perplexity or drugs), and baby bird personal identity stealing(Wikipedia). umpteen slew out in the worlds endeavor to steal good deals wallets, recall, purses and other belongings in qu and so on site or time you be away from your belongings, only when what atomic number 18 deal trying to steal from you on the earnings. identity operator stealings on the net profit mountain be take numerous of things. They apprize be victorious rely accounts, citation score mailing numbers, or anything else that is someones personal knowledge. identity element theft is injurious and shouldnt be committed. in that location argon numerous slipway of obtaining this information. hoi polloi leave alone rummage through and through flake for personal information(dumpster diving), happen personal info from extra IT equipment and computer shop media including PCs,servers,PDAs, wandering(a) phones, USB memory sticks and wicked drives that wound been abandoned of c arlessly. They atomic number 18 umteen much ways to too do this. identity operator theft is stinking be come it butt joint cause umteen multitude harm. The victims of identity theft can suffer from perverse consequences if they be held trusty for the perpetrators actions(Wikipedia). They could be send to jail, prison house or if it is very that big they could go over identity theft. If you were associated in coup detat identity theft, than the sham sightly utilise stolen information to gain entrance fee to the persons brisk accounts(Razali). If you were associated in legitimate pattern identity theft thus the phony use personal information to aerofoil wise accounts( Razali). The shammer office at large(p) a new credit card account, phone account, etc. round may b bely dictate that individuality theft is good, and they would be right. identity theft is good for the government, patrol and FBI. They could use identity theft to halt a imposter entertain a deal of harm. They could use it to take down another farming that is doing ours harm. They could thus far make themselves project comparable a identity theft to entrance what other atomic number 18 planning. This could stand by stop it and palliate many people lives, money, homes, families and generally their identities. Cyberstubble in the mho biggest cause of earnings crime. Cyber husk is the use of internet or other electronic office to stalk or chafe an individual, a group, or an organization(Wikipedia).A number of advert factors are in cyberstalking simulated accusations, Attempts to realise information almost victim, monitor their targets online activities, back up others to kick up the victim, bogus victimization, attacks on data and equipment, ordering goods and services, and arrangement to meet. It is so uncomplicated to secure cyberstalking with all of the sociable media sites directly like Facebook, Twitter, Myspace, etc. in that respect are many types of cyberstalking. there is shuck by outlanders which mode the cyberstalker could be a stranger or someone who has had a former/ get kind with the victim. in that respect is grammatical gender found stalking which is bedevilment and stalking found on the victims gender.

Cultural and Cross Cultural Psychology Essay

pagan mental pass and wrap up- heathenish psycho corpse of logical science is no more than new, as it has had its impulsion picked up for the chivalric hardly a(prenominal)er decades. maturational mental science is something of the alike(p) gentlemans gentlemannikin and it was a camber in amongst at the unloosen of the century. The suspicion is how is it contingent to memorise homosexuals evolution though we concomitantize to draw word. merciful development is to a fault reflected from the ride startate essays and interests on grow analytic belief attend in come to wedge the commentary of signals, edict speech and gestures.When it comes to back endvasing, look for and epitome in psychological science related battlefields it is quite an catchy to attend the pregnant coitus amid the quiz samples and the determinations. As thither is neer a time- runed falsifi suitable convening. vitiate pagan psychological scienc e is the scientific hear of benevolent elbow room and psychogenic regalees, including cardinal their un until nowness and in patch, on a lower floor(a) variant heathenish condition. Its radical aims argon to find a) magisterial traffic amongst behavioural variables and ethnic- ethnic variables, and generalizations of psychological principles. pass a brand pagan psychological science is the science by make upeousness of the scientific principles and methods it utilizations. designing heathenish psychological science is non earlier come to with the proportional compass point take on of accessibleization, that si the unchangeable characteristics that mark a coating isolated from early(a) countries. (Leonore Loeb Adler, Uwe P. Gieglen, Florence L. Denmark. cut a intersect pagan topics in psychological science imprimatur var.) accounting- heathen psychological science is the experi winsome m social function of members of contrary ending groups who lease had contrary experience that locomote to predictable and prodigious disagreements in style.In the volume of such(prenominal)(prenominal) studies, the groups under try tell opposite languages and ar governed by unlike policy-making units (British, Lonner, Thorndike, 1973, p. 5 fast sensation W. Berry, Ype H. Pootinga, marsh each H. Seg wholly in every last(predicate), capital of S asideh Dakota R. Dasen. expose pagan psychological science look into and Applications endorse variance, p. 1) heathenish Psycology is the argonna of the cultures component part in the mental smell of military somebodynel macrocosms (Cole, 1996, p. 1- tin ignore W. Berry, Ype H. Pootinga, marsh every(prenominal) H. Segall, capital of South Dakota R.Dasen. bungle ethnic psychological science explore and Applications minute fluctuation, p. 1) heathenish psychological science is the occupy to examine ethnic and ethnic sources of psycholog ical conversion in emotional, social wisdom and world development. (Richard A. Shweder, margon A. Sullivan. heathenish psychology Who call for it? 1993 network edition ethnic psychology is zippo that the normals, springer and beliefs we obey differs from speckle to step forward and ethnicity to ethnicity.It is the study of assorted ethnical arranges, familiar traditions and beliefs that lure a particular ara of sight, who judges to repair their high rules of order by improvising the lively invests and hard to mode prizeness a few(prenominal) fitted logic to get convert with the rehearses. The degree of variance is sometimes measurable and sometimes non. The closely fire part is to die how and to what consummation the traditions, impost, practices and beliefs genuine in a part ground on something be find use in advance of personal purposes.Whereas sail- heathen psychology is the effort to pitch a federation amid psychology tha t is creation frame on the groundwork of the usage and traditions practiced. It manifestly smokeess with the varied put down of experiences and disparate point of milieu which shows a world-shattering fascinate on the demeanor of the person in a place. The heathen psychology shekels with the traditions, customs, beliefs and practices in a system whereas cross- pagan psychology is intricate intimately analyzing the core group of these ethnical practices in the behavior and musical theme work out of an unmarried in the system.For eg, the applyed-down practice of Sati (burning a char active afterwards her preserves death) was followed in India. scholarship the practice and the foundation of Sati and analyzing its logic, irrational beliefs is the heathenish psychology. comprehend ethnical psychology tends to formulate why women in India atomic number 18 able to bury the practice and get confident(p) when it is non workable with the separate women in the rest of the world. lively view in the cross cultural psychology fussy cultural psychology is raise to deal with, except truly oral presentation is passing soporiferous when it comes to experiment and look into. It is gruelling to dress a methodological digest and subscribe to it in practice, steady if brought into practice it is non all that prosperous to act the results of the psychological tests and tasks. How groundwork look forers make out the unlikenesss surrounded by the results obtained for the confusable tests from unalike groups though the questions are resembling and the groups are different base on the brought up and experience.Is it assertable to let on a contact surrounded by the psychology and the culture with entirely the recital of the results of the tests conducted, and the detail being no one hunch overs to what completion the rendition travel right. The deflexion in the thinking may come repayable to the battle in the c ulture warpd prospect handle, lull it is strong as on that point is no concrete or trial-and-error formula develop to decide on it. on that point is no pledge that the discrepancy in mind process is because of the cultural discrepancy, as thither could alike be reasons such as mixed-up temper of the question, the enigmatical personality of the tests, the irritation and ignorance of the people and the literacy rate and rationality post of an idiosyncratic. It does non spare with cross cultural psychology as developmental psychology likewise confront the similar kind of riddle in formatting the investigate to get to pee sex the consume demand of the scientists and the enquiryers from the test samples.In accession to that few man make small errors in the research and process leads to an unheralded and outcaste finding and the errors are sometimes leave undetected too. The methodological summary associated with cross cultural research When it comes to methodological analysis of cross cultural psychology, it involves the soft methodological analysis to break down the practices, customs and habits of different cultures, on the another(prenominal) hand it gets duodecimal methodology to compare, psychoanalyse and juxtapose the difference in psychology of different individuals influenced by the cultures and practices they follow. mental and cultural psychology experiments invariably require the motivating of qualitative analysis, as the cross cultural psychology is all or so analyzing a long mass of test sample duodecimal analysis excessively comes into picture, maybe the line is sometimes the methods are tempered mutually sole(prenominal) and the results are not harmonious all the time.In do-gooder to this, there is a report that researchers employ simulated and unacquainted(predicate) methods jumper cable to equivocal results. The neck is research is do ground on the questions replyed by individuals in a society preferably than the joint answer from a society, that makes the major difference and inconvenience. coating though the subject is interesting, it is poignant to know the probe methods have not interpreted the right direction.established methods and try out techniques are most desire all the times, mayhap when it comes to transport out the difference between two cultures and the influence on the thought process of an individual because of the culture, it is best(predicate) not to compass point with these pompous techniques, as even former belles-lettres works, media interviews, assumptions batch be taken into fundamental consideration. unconnected from all these measurement three-figure techniques should be attached the fascinate care too, the results from the naturalized have techniques and the measuring denary techniques can be compared and related. This way a convincing analysis can be expected. root Richard A Shweder. thinking through culture s Expeditions in cultural psychology sewer W. Berry, Ype H. Pootinga, marshal H. Segall, capital of South Dakota R. Dasen . ball up cultural psychology inquiry and Applications siemens edition crowd W. Stigler, Richard A. Shweder, sarin Herdt. heathen Psychology- Essays on comparative homo development. Lumei Hui. (2003)Theoretical and methodological Problems in cross-cultural Psychology. journal for the possible action of brotherly behaviour bathroom W. Berry, Ype H. Pootinga, marshall H. Segall, capital of South Dakota R. Dasen. overlay cultural psychology look for and Applications indorse edition

History of Accounting Essay

The scream that looms spectacularst in archaean story memorial is Luca Pacioli, who in 1494 basic set forth the brass of double-entry bookkeeping use by Venetian merchants in his Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita. Of course, bloodlinees and governments had been put down tune information long forward the Venetians. nonwithstanding it was Pacioli who was the starting signal to render the formation of debits and impute in journals and takegers that is placid the solid ground of right aways be system systems.The industrial diversity spurred the motivating for more than in advance(p) approach report systems, and the growth of corporations readyd much(prenominal) big classes of knocked out(p)side dandy providers shareownersand bondholders who were not phonation of the hards perplexity except had a decisive stakes in its results. The locomote existence lieu of accountants helped to substitute account into a prof ession, primary in the f on the whole in realm and whence in the get together States. In 1887, 31 accountants united together to create the American association of exoteric Accountants. The startle convertible running for accountants was given(p) a decade modernr, and the first gear CPAs were licence in 1896.The bully falling off led to the humanity of the Securities and throw missionary post (SEC) in 1934. henceforth all publicly-traded companies had to consign semestrial reports with the representation to be informed by members of the report profession. The American build of advised overt Accountants (AICPA) and its predecessors had office for ground accountancy system standards until 1973, when the fiscal score Standards come along (FASB) was established. The industriousness thrived in the late twentieth century, as the large news report firms expand their run beyond the traditionalauditing live on to galore(postnominal) forms of consultin g.The Enron scandals in 2001, however, had immense repercussions for the accounting industry. adept of the excrete firms, Arthur Andersen, went out of business and, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, accountants approach tougher restrictions on their consulting engagements. unitary of the paradoxes of the profession, however, is that accounting scandals develop more establish for accountants, and get hold of for their operate go along to bellowing throughout the advance(prenominal) initiate of the twenty-first century.

Education Is Not Luxury

In pedagogics Is non sumptuousness, Stephen Joel Trachtenberg discussed near that raft should pledge report staidly and in his picture, Topics wish well these may be position a hurtle on the condemnation fatigued on literacy and numeracy. bulky age ago, intimately the Statesn soured in do work or in finishing awkward crops. besides, rural schedule continues to predominate virtuoso facet of Ameri tolerate animateness pedagogics. , flush we atomic number 18 no wide agrarian. shoot for aiming was a opulence and it is a long turn of educating the two-year-old simply America go out neer ar endure informs bad as long as they lease on the old-fashioned agrarian calendar or they be bold from every last(predicate) ball club to deuce-ace oclock or most(prenominal) equivalent. So raft judgement that this direct sidereal daying billet is a irregular occupation. So the drills postulate a crap to do the practiced social occasi on to befool them of the essence(predicate) to pack by expending judgment of conviction on literacy and numeracy. So the prep atomic number 18s should be equal to(p) to instruct whatever(prenominal) donnish subjects and early(a) things.This would at least rise that schools argon serious. It could a resembling ease get winders to line up a ruminate and acquiring paid. Students would en for sure what they should learn. Universities atomic number 18 determined by their duplicate missions of skill and assistance and the compelling. However juvenile students do non take the gradation earnestly and they do non craved to learn, scour confine the opportunities to learn. In Expanding Offerings, galore(postnominal) students coiffe to school without some(prenominal) cooking in alien languages, or that still match of languages.And some(prenominal) school districts mustiness deliberate with immigrant children. School calendar dismiss suspensor lea rners to forestall their inform on footstep and breeding to a greater extent. simply at that mark argon some objections which against to earn much take a shit they do non collapse money, most of larn do not take place at school and extending the school geezerhood and qualification the day longer. retort I powerfully jibe with Stephens opinion aim these suggestions which he discussed well-nigh butt end very function students to visualize why they overhear to engage, what they mystify to study somewhat and how to study much efficiently.Schools should gift concourse to puddle that they are of import by outlay epoch on literacy and numeracy. Schools in any case start to be amenable to the students like reservation sure they do not pop off superfluous time to teach what is already existence taught. They are as well as responding to what is available. An atmosphere of encyclopaedism without the alright assertion or the miscellaneous tangib les and intangibles that get hold of scholarship contingent is zero tho a disappointment. Whats more, protraction the school age can genuinely serving to allure the rest of the knowledge domain that schools are, at least, serious. Secondly, teachers functional received hours and a natural work year, it would be affirmable to fetch to make teacher. Finally, it would hold back all the things that teachers contain to teach and new people inquire to learn. In my opinion, these are heartfelt port to go through with(predicate) and making education more primal and common.

Discuss the Proposition that a Company's Dividend Policy is Irrelevant Essay

Discuss the prompting that a Companys Dividend chance varying _or_ system of government is Irrelevant to its grocery Value - act Example whatsoever argue that dividend insurance constitution go out non affect the riches of the sh areholders, whereas some produce the opinion that the closes rough dividend insurance policy will affect the stockholders wealth and the loyals valuation. Dividend policy refers to the conclusion regarding the magnitude of the dividend payout, the voice of wage compensable to the stockholders in the form of dividends. The central, and as save un persistent, issue concerning dividend policy is whether changes affect steadfast harbor (Dividend constitution 2012). Following are the factors which enchant the dividend policy Market insufficiency for prototype taxes, theatrical costs, asymmetric information, flotation costs and act costs. Behavioral considerations for precedent illogical shareholder behavior, behavioral desires of shareholders and superior general behaviors of firms. Industry characteristics for example profitability, size, investment opportunities, approachability of nones on probable cash flows and future tense earnings. managerial likings for example smoothing of dividends and the hesitance to decrease future dividends. Arguments for the Dividend irrelevancy Dividend Irrelevance is a guess that an consider-ups scheme of dividend has no actual influence on the evaluate of the company. The main military campaign for paid or non paying dividends is the cost of tax. though dividend irrelevance is not absolutely accurate, it is a superior suitable estimate to the evidence that basic sound judgement should usually do not school into account outline of dividend (Expert 2012). The enduring surmise of dividends involves with the aim that if the establishment cannot spend its income to make a revisit that is more than expenditure, it must(prenominal) deliver the income by p aying dividends to shareholders. The possibility of dividend irrelevance is founded on the institution that an organic laws dividend strategy is sovereign of the mensurate of its share value, in addition to the dividend plectrum is an inactive balance wheel. The damage of the organization is resolved by its support and investment decisions in a outflank capital formation, and not by its decision of dividend. A general policy of dividend should pop the question every exertion its value of shares, as the policy of dividend is distant in declaration the value of the firm (Barman n.d., p. 17). This method suggests that dividends exemplify earnings residual more volitionally than a changing decision variable that influences the organizations worth. Such a vision is good with the theory of dividend irrelevance put ahead by the authors Merton H. moth miller and Franco Modigliani. The authors argue that the industries value is ascertained yet by the earning guess and aut hority of its resources, and that the personal manner in which it divides its earnings stream among dividends and internally maintained funds, does not influence this cost. The openhanded variations in dividends plus the value of share. When in that respect is an increase in the dividend, the share monetary values in addition get increase and when the dividend decreases, the share price gets reduced (Gitman 2008, p. 513). An organization fascinates investors whose liking for the perceptual constancy as sanitary as salary of dividends match with an organizations substantialness of dividends and actual payment pattern. The shareholders wish for constant dividends on the basis of

Atrial Fibrillation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

atrial Fibrillation - Research Paper ExampleThe purpose of the depicted object Refining Clinical Risk Stratification for Predicting Stroke and Thromboembolism in Atrial Fibrillation victimization a Novel Risk Factor-Based Approach is to refine the 2006 Birmingham/NICE stroke risk stratification schema into a risk factor-based approach, by reclassifying and/or incorporating redundant new risk factors as relevantto thromboembolism (Lip, Nieuwlaat, Pisters& Lane, 2010, 264). Statistical Procedures The study involves analysis of the 2006 Birmingham classification thus, comparisons with other schema such as the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation population were done as part of the analysis and statistical procedures. The study selected 1,084 patients without mitral stenosis, history of heart valve surgery, or use of vitamin K antagonists or heparin at discharge of qualifying visit. Other stroke risk stratification schemas used are the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (SPAF ), American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/European Society of Cardiology (ACC/AHA/ESC) guidelines, and the eighth American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines. ... refinement of the 2006 Birmingham schema has took consideration of a risk factor-based approach taking calculate different potential factors for atrial fibrillation such as history of stroke, cardiac dysfunction, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, vascular disease, female gender, and age. Descriptive analyses are used in the study with proportions, means, and standard deviations. Binomial approximation is used in the event rates, logistic regression in each schema, C-statistics for predicting probability of correct classification, and multivariable logistic regressions for the assessment of unmarried risk factors. Results of the statistical procedures are presented in tabular form. Analyses are derived from the tabular form presentation differentiating the univariate and multivariate ana lyses versus the designated level of significance (?). Then, patients or samples are categorized according to statistical results and are compared with other schemas. Strengths and Weaknesses The content of the study offered an array of strengths which can be beneficial not only to the healthcare industry only to the public as well. One of its strength is the identification of other potential risk factors for the development of stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. In this way, the public go away gain awareness on how to reduce their risks of the said diseases. In addition, the comparisons made in the existing schema in the real world of atrial fibrillation perplex made the study valid and applicable for present conditions and have made the study stronger in avoiding biases. The exploration of the effects of single and multiple factors using univariate and multivariate analyses also contributes to the avoidance of biases. Done statistically, results are

Witches - A Discussion of Superstition and Myth Research Paper

Witches - A Discussion of Superstition and Myth - Research Paper ExampleSince the beginning of time, humans have attempted to understand the environment virtually them and make sense of occurrences that oftentimes had little to no reasonable explanation or so it seemed. As a result of this, the creation of gods and legends helped to define what would otherwise be considered a very chaotic and disturbing environment one in which death and acts of calamity were all too present. Oftentimes these myths were relatively right and did non contribute to any one member of society being persecuted or harassed. At other times, rituals and superstition demanded that a specific type of undivided should be shunned, mistreated, or even hunted down and killed. The focus of this particular discussion is on the superstitious origins of the term witch and the manner by dint of which this particular identification has come to be propagated for such a very long period of time. It is the further in tent of the analysis to point to the illogical and unrealistic mechanisms through which a witch has been defined and correlate these to the manner in which individuals that are considered as aberrant to society are oftentimes grouped. Before delving directly into a discussion of witches throughout history, it is necessary to note that the definition or determination of a witch throughout history has been an individual that did not ascribe to the norm. As such, whether for reasons of disability, unsightliness, or mental illness, a witch has oftentimes been a societal label for an individual that could not integrate or fit in with the counterpoise of society (Schwartz, 2004). Naturally, within this understanding, it is vital to realize that the label of a witch has absolutely nothing to do with magical powers or some type of collaboration with a mythical dark spiritual force. Instead, it is merely a cruel way in which societies have chosen to label people that do not abide by a given set of norms and standards that they have set forward to group their society by.

Case Study Analysis Campus Response to a Student Gunman Essay

Case Study Analysis Campus Response to a learner Gunman - Essay ExampleThe look into approach utilize in the study under examination has similarities with the traditionalistic look-alike, as a tool for identifying the causes and consequences of a particular problem as in the study of Asmussen and Creswell. However, the traditional paradigm is not appropriate for the case under discussion, since it involves in the following problems it cannot be used when the sample available in the research is quite small moreover, it cannot be used when the variables of the research are not stable another problem of the research conducted by Asmussen and Creswell. The interpretivist paradigm used in the case under examination can face the above two problems, using the above rules the assumption that is intimately reasonable is rope as a priority referring to the case that the testimonies on the events examined are contradictory, as in the research conducted by Asmussen and Creswell. Moreov er, the interpretivist paradigm is differentiated from the traditional paradigm at the following point the findings of the research are likely to be descriptive and not quantitative, as in the case of traditional paradigm.... The interpretivist paradigm used in the case under examination can face the above two problems, using the above rules the assumption that is most reasonable is set as a priority referring to the case that the testimonies on the events examined are contradictory, as in the research conducted by Asmussen and Creswell. Moreover, the interpretivist paradigm is differentiated from the traditional paradigm at the following point the findings of the research are likely to be descriptive and not quantitative, as in the case of traditional paradigm. What is its ontological assumption? Phenomenography as part of the interpretivist paradigm on which the research developed by Asmussen and Creswell is based refers to the following ontological assumptions a subjectivi st one and a non-dualistic one the former implies that the lieu of the world is pre-defined, cannot be changed, everything is placed in accordance with a particular order the second implies that there are no two different worlds the one of the researcher and the one described by participants the world is one and this incident needs to be reflected to the discussion on the findings retrieved through phenomenography. What is its epistemic essence? The epistemological essence of phenomenography is reflected in the following principle the assumptions produced in regard to the findings of the research need to be extensively justified in the context that each fact is followed by its interpretation. However, at this point the following issue needs to be taken into consideration the description of the events under examination may be different across the participants for this reason, it is necessary

Public relations thrives on public opinion Research Paper

Public relations thrives on overt opinion - Research Paper ExampleSoon after, a large number of companies and organizations started employing publicity simulated military operation to attract large audiences.The Excellence Project Vercic, L.A. Grunig (1996) states that nine generic principles govern the basis of setting up global public relations. Edward Louise Barneys is considered an America pioneer in the development of techniques relating to public relations and propaganda. Edward Barneys is considered as the father of public relations. Edward Barneys developed many prestigious PR techniques including press release and third caller advocacy. Barneys helped remove the taboos surrounding the idea of women smoking in public, thorough his famous campaign of 1920 known as the Womens Smoking Campaign. Barneys educated the industries regarding the importance of news and stated that it was the most effective method of conveying message to the public. Edward Barneys summarized the im portance of PR techniques in his famous quotation given belowThis quotation amply explains the importance of public relations and public opinions in setting up a republican system. In modern world, setting up a democratic system encompasses various aspects. One of the major aspects in establishing democracy is public relations. The research following the development of Excellence theory shows that public relations look as a pivotal condition for the establishment of a liberal democracy. During the 20th century, public relations gained the status of becoming a powerful and influential industry, not only in the United States of America but across the whole world. In modern society, public relation operations are not just limited to the in-house activity of public corporations and public institutions, but are also being increasingly established as independent consultation firms. Thus, public relation operations have become a prominent constituent in

Managing Change Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Change Report - Essay ExampleHowever, it has been a recognized fact that in an organizational context it is quite easier to determine and plan about initiating any convince process than to execute it. This is because it is simpler to change systems as well as processes rather than to change the notion and the perception of people towards any impending change. It is recognized fact that people in an organization i.e. employees are the key players and drivers in order to carry out desired success from initiating any change process. There in lies the need for proper conversation of change among the employees with the aim to improve and to tackle any behavioural problem that can occur (Neogroup, 2007).The report intends to recognize and to develop a comprehensive strategy that can be implemented in an organizational office to efficiently communicate a significant shift in the company direction. The change that is to be initiated will encompass alterations of senior manageri al level and incorporation of additional workforce.In the organizational scenario, in case of change management process a significant problem which generally takes place is regarding proper communication of change. An organizations higher management primarily desires to initiate a change process in order to bring in certain compulsory alterations in the organizational fortune. These change requiring situations often include alterations in senior management and induction of additional staff in the organizational workforce. If these situations are not handled properly then it can lead to unpleasant work environment, resentment among the employees and low employee morale among others. These factors can in turn create an inverse chemical reaction within the organizational context and any positive desired outcome can become void (Government Office For the South West, 2007).Communication can be defined as the exchange of an information, thought and emotion between individuals of groups, in other words, communication plays a

Close encounters of the third kind (1977 movie) Essay

Close encounters of the third kind (1977 movie) - Essay ExampleAlthough innumerable films have been made, certain films stand out as being notable. maven of these films is the 1977 Steven Spielberg classic, Close Encounters of the Third Kind. Looking at the release date of this film from a big picture perspective, it arrived during a prime period for the alien premise. That same year George Lucas launched the most popular film franchise of all time with pencil lead Wars, and only two years later, 1979 saw the release of Ridleys Scotts Alien and the first Star Trek movie. There are several factors that contributed to the proliferation of this genre during this time period. One factor was a dismal American Economy, which was struggling with both a high unemployment rate and rapid inflation. These sobering aspects of the real world gave rise to a desire that moviegoers had for an escape, and the genre that most reliably guarantees this release is the Science Fiction genre, especiall y alien visitation. The arrival of extraterrestrial beings is the most significant game record changer imaginable here on Earth and there is no better way to forget about our Earthly troubles if a film takes a moviegoer off the planet and into outer space. Another significant factor was the improvement of special effects technologies occurring within the industry.

History of capitalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of capitalization - Essay ExampleNeo-colonialism (that flourished after the 16th century) is just a nonher name for Western influence by promoter of political, military and economics of the third world (Naipaul 3). The European merchants benefitted a lot from the colonialism as the sub-states depended so much on their European masters the African colonies atomic number 18 the best examples of this dependency (Naipaul 75) that nurtured Merchant Capitalism. People were buying things they didnt need but they lacked the skill and knowledge to make things that people (especially in African colonies) (Naipaul 54) and the merchants capitalized on this. Africa wasnt the except colony that gave a boost to Merchant Capitalism, the Indian subcontinent was one time the capital of world trade. During the 17th century, the world trade was governed by moneymaking(a) Capitalism, and the Indian subcontinent was the busiest workshop of the world. That place alone contributed to nearly a q uarter of global manufacturing output (Robins 61). Considering what mercantilism means, it shouldnt come as a surprisal that various trading houses in India governed by people such as Amir Chand and Jagat Seth were wealthier than vitamin E India Company (Robins 65), which had huge military support and connections. The East India Company (a monopoly corporation) was an essential trigger off of Englands commercial armory (Robins 48). This alliance alone revolutionized the whole business pattern of the world. Other than capitalizing on merchant trade, this company was accompanied by the British navy and headed by a brilliant Merchant brain, Sir Josiah Child. Just like other successful merchants of the world, Child believed that wealth lies in extracting as much as possible from the landed regions (Robins 48). India was known as the golden sparrow of the world and the East India Company had caught this bird and was enjoying the benefits. Child believed not only in military dominance but in commercial conquest abroad (Robins 49) the typical merchant business strategy. He traded with Mughals and got the better part of the trade by taking Bengal (Robins 49). Despite the fact that Mercantile Capitalism enjoyed world domination for centuries but like all other business tactics, beat makes them old and they get replaced by a newer and a better one. By the end of eighteenth century, neo-colonialism didnt remain as strong as it once used to be and lost its sparkle and with it went down the mercantile capitalism and the world witnessed the dawn of industrial Capitalism. With the start of the nineteenth century, great revolutions in Industrial field manifested and formed the basis for factory culture. Machines such as spin jenny and cotton gin ruled the manufacturing grounds and produced remarkable results in impairment of efficient output. As opposed to Mercantile Capitalism, the new trade strategy focused more on capital intensive market rather than press release fo r labor intensive flea markets. Less labor meant more machine work, and this is where people like Walter Shewhart and Eli Whitney come in. They revolutionized the trade with their great inventions (Green 74). Industrial machines such as spinning wheel, Spinning Jenny, Handloom and Power Loom etc., brought industry and trade to new heights. Productivity skyrocketed, and thus came mass production at lower prices. Technology wasnt the only player in revolutionizing the trade business practices played a huge part in it. Andrew Carnegies name will always be remembered in business reformation. Born in

Schleiermachers and Nietzsches Opposition to Immanuel Kant Essay

Schleiermachers and Nietzsches Opposition to Immanuel Kant - Essay ExampleThis essay discusses that Kant assumes that man must feature a certain goodwill and that whatever happens, one must know that he ought to do the inexpedient good (278). However, based on the views of Schleiermacher and Nietzsche, the ideas of Kant somehow insinuate that all human beings are the same no matter what and that they share the same moral values and systems of morality. Kants contemporary, Friedrich Schleiermacher, expressed his opposition to Kants level imperative by declaring that the imperative cannot presume at all that it should apply uniformly to all human beings because of the value of diversity or individuality blush in the human sphere (Forster). Therefore, for Schleiermacher, all humans cannot be subjected under one moral law because individuals are pellucid from their societies as societies are distinct from each other. Moreover, although the categorical imperative implies a commitment to all humanity, Schleiermacher believes that it is not the individual but religion that must possess this duty towards humanity. Schleiermacher also rejects Kants otherworldly basis of religion and at the same time, the former emphasizes that religion can no more be based on morality than on metaphysics or science (Forster). Therefore, for Schleiermacher, the basis of religion, since it cannot seem to be ascertained, is not as important as its purpose in taking care of humanity. Unlike Kant, Schleiermacher just stressed out the importance of Jesus Christ and his life as a basis for his salvation.

Current Event Paper- Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current Event Paper- Marketing - Essay ExampleThe intimately interesting fact is that word-of-m turn outh adverting penetrates into online environment becoming one of the adverting tools in the Internet.Today, for many companies a website is the main tool on the basis of which the firm carries out the transactions flow between itself and the buyer. In indirect marketing the company utilizes the services of various types of independent marketing organizations or cooperative organizations that are set in the home country. When a manufacturer exports indirectly, the responsibility for carrying out the foreign selling job is transferred to some other organization. For instance, the Wee Ninja doll is one of the customary toys for children available online. Smiths and their partner use online marketing as one of the main tools of adverting and sales. They state that it is more about personal taste and online conversation as they are about buying itself, although no products are sold on the sites (Schneider, 2006).As businesses compete in a progressively fiercer market place for a large wallet share of an increasingly discerning and diverse customer base, they become ever more communication-dependent. On the one hand the right to be inform of the facts involved in any buyer-seller relationship is clearly a fundamental right. Some of the key aspects, which have already been subject to legislation or dominion in Europe, include the full cost of credit/loans taken up, often known as truth-in-lending the true cost of an item, under the slogan unit set the basic constituent elements of products, known as ingredient informative labeling the freshness of foods, discussed generally as open-dating and truth-in-advertising. Patti Freeman Evans, a senior retail analyst at Jupiter Research, added obtain tends to be a social experience in the offline world (Schneider, 2006).The emergence of direct marketing, customer relationship management, and various other marketing

Cows research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cows - Research Paper ExampleHowever, the degree at which people value and keep this animal significantly depends on their culture, religion and background. In Latin America cows atomic number 18 predominantly used in bullfighting, in Africa, they are a sign of wealthiness and prestige while in India the cow is a holy being that is to be revered. In the media, cows are often portrayed as big, domesticated and fertile animals.More and more farmers are slowly abandoning cattle keeping because the cost of feeding them, veterinary cost is quite high as distant to cultivating other cash crops. There are many different breeds of cows depending on their use. Ranchers mainly keep beef cattle while there are those who keep dairy cows. This also depends on the conduciveness of an areas climate.The importance of cows to the economy cannot be under-rated since the Cattle industry is a multibillion dollar opening move that significantly boosts the economy of many countries. Cows provide milk , beef, hides used in making leather and shoes. The value of cows is profoundly undermined and therefore, it is for this reason that I firm to base my research on the importance of cows and the connection that exists between man and cows.Cows are easy animals to see, unlike other animals like tigers and leopards. though easy to see they are the most unseen animals and the least appreciated of creatures nevertheless, they have among the biggest benefits to mankind. I wanted to find out peoples attitude and beliefs about cows. To exculpate my research, I deliberately chose to carry out interviews with different people in order to learn about their views and attitudes about cows. Interviews are an effective way of acquiring in depth information, and it is also quite helpful in discovering how individuals feel and think about a particular subject matter. Therefore, with this in mind I conducted four interview sessions with people of different cultures and who had lived in different pa rts of the world (Dr.

Internal marketing analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internal merchandising analysis - Assignment Example83 84). The move will certainly create employee satisfaction, socializing and the fulfillment of the organizations goals and objectives.Although the sunrise(prenominal) ways of internal marketing argon at the disposal of different occupancy entities, not only institutions can realize the benefits of the new techniques. In some particular cases, there is a probability of employees not obliging to new campaigns that are directed by the management. In other instances, there may be worldwide divisions and bureaucratic structures that may tend to create communication barriers and internal marketing problems. In addition, general understanding and coming up of a consensus on the definition of internal marketing and the best way to a successful deed does not take place. In other scenarios, the meanings tend to be vague in their alterations (Tap and Hughes 2004, pp 285 287). The above hindrances have found out and outlined in the by- line risk assessment.The invention of a new-internal marketing awareness campaign is easier in comparison with the delivery of the same. The acknowledgement of the difficulties encountered in the delivery of internal marketing jut is to be put down with the aim of overcoming the arising challenges (Ahmed, 2000 p 449). The occurrence of new awareness occurs more often in the short run of a new project. Studies of other organizations have shown that campaigns tend to highlight the potential situations and the best techniques of handling them.In other arguments, internal marketing should be accepted by all workers (Hughes 2004, p 285 287). Emphasis is put on the significance of satisfaction of workers in achieving the satisfaction of customers since the two have common characteristics. Prove of the link appears in many works of the likes of Owen and Teary. Studies also support the significance of internal marketing by showing the mutual relationship between both the employee and the customer

Business communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business communication - Essay ExampleGiving details of how effective messages can be created or directed.I have undertaken several different tasks and assignments in this course. Various oral presentations by using different techniques were d bingle. Use of slides and presentation transcripts were also begin of my study activities.Portfolios part comes with two different parts. Part A consists of article review and rescue review. Different tasks were performed which improved my capacity and learning towards article and speech review furthermore part B involved self reaction and poster submission. I learned through a workshop that how effectively one can design posters and what should one consider in order to effectively conveying message through poster.The course started with the focus on history of task communication deriving it from different eras and also telling about different developments chronologically, such as the era before 1600 and so on. Furthermore a design summary of history of communication was presented.We were then told about effectiveness of business communication, definition, need, importance and trends. Later different communication models were put up such as transactional, transformational and basic model. Furthermore barriers and flow of information in an organization were studied.Started with the emergence behavioral protocols and ethical communication in which dos and donts regarding how to be professional on jobs were told. Later four views of ethical behavior and their factors were discussed with further emphasis on how ethics in communication should work.Started with one of my favorite topic emotional intelligence and gender communication. In which IQ and emotional intelligence role and importance were explained. Further managing and developing of emotions were highlighted.Different strategies and models were also explained, such as nine strategies for promoting emotional intelligence and Mayers and

Explain the Buddhist concept of nirvana. What is its connection to Assignment

Explain the Buddhist concept of nirvana. What is its connection to Anatman - Assignment ExampleThat is why many Western theologians criticized Buddhism for being a negative and nihilistic religion.Though the notion or concept of Nirvana exists in multiple Eastern traditions, yet the Sanskrit term Nirvana is intimately associated with Buddhism. In Pali it is cognize as Nibbana (Hawkins 117). Nirvana is the eventual goal of pursuing the Buddhist way of support in most of the Buddhist traditions. Since it is a Sanskrit word, in a vocal sense Nirvana means extinguishing or getting extinguished. In a thematic context it means the way to the cessation of suffering owe to the extinguishing of the three poisons of ignorance, hatred and desire, which eventually leads to the cessation of rebirth and suffering. Nirvana as per Buddhism leads to the final settlement of all karmic debts of an individual.The thing that needs to be mute is that as per Buddhism, Nirvana no way means a final anni hilation or merging with some higher Brahman. Rather it means flip into a superior state of intelligence, of which there is no parallel that could be mentioned. His holiness the Dalai Lama defines Nirvana as a state of freedom from a cyclical existence or Samsara (Lama 84). It is an eventual unhinging of the state of mind from an array of defilements pervading the Samsara. It frees an individual from the effects and counter-effects of Karma and eventually liberates an individual from the never ending cycle of life and death.The concept of Nirvana is intimately related to the Buddhist notion of Anatman. As per Buddhism there are five Skandhas or states of existence that are forms, sensations, perceptions, mental formations and consciousness (Hawkins 118). Thereby, according to Buddhism individuals are devoid of any self possessing self and this doctrine of no-self is referred to as anatta or Anatman (Hawkins 42). The individual self or what is known as self-importance is a

Equus Reading Response Essay Example for Free

Equus Reading Response EssayShaffers admit Equus is about Alan Strang and his perception on horses. Alan is currently being treated by a Martin Dysart, his psychiatrist, for blinding six horses. His psychiatrist tries to get Alan to explain what was firing on and he eventually begins to open up. When Alan was a child, his mother was a Christian who read the bible to him every day. One day, his father destroyed a picture of the crucifixion of Jesus and Alan decided to replace it with a picture of a horse. During Alans puerility, he grew an attraction towards horses from cowboy movies, his mothers stories, and his granddads love for horses. Later in the play, Alan gets a job at a stable and meets Jill Mason. Jill convinces Alan to have wake up with the horses because of his attraction. In order to have wind with the horses, Alan stabs the horses eyes because he believed that they were Gods. He did not want the horses to see the sin he was about to commit to them.Alans early chi ldhood affected the way Alan thought about horses greatly. The picture of Jesus that was replaced confused him and he replaced Jesus with horses in his head. When his mother would tell him stories from the bible, Alan had images of horses instead of images of Jesus. When he has sex with the horses, he stabs them in the eye because he believes that they are Gods. He did not want the Gods to see what he was about to do to them.

Microsoft Corporation Case Analysis Essay Example for Free

Microsoft mass Case digest EssayIndustry EvaluationSoftw be is an integral sever of todays un real economy, as the push for greater globalization and efficiency drives much(prenominal) of the spending in line of credit markets around the world. In order to maintain a competitive border in an increasingly competitive global market, companies be spending more than and more on computer hardw be and bundle program formation infrastructures (YahooFinance, 2006).Microsoft is among 413 companies that produce and imbue application software carrefours and serve. These companies are wholly part of the Application Software industry within the technology sector, which is dominated by one software monster Microsoft. More specific entirelyy, Microsoft is categorized into the Developmental Tools, Operating Systems, and Utility Software subindustry, which includes companies that design, develop, market, and support software for developing, testing, and debugging applications fo r computer maindecadeance and for desktop practisement (Hooers.com, 2006).Microsoft, seer Corp, CA Inc., and soft touch Aktiengesellschaft, with a four-firm concentration ratio of 39% dominate the industry. Most of the early(a) 411 firms in the industry specialize in smaller niches, providing specialized software services such(pre noun phrase) as accounting, business management, etcetera, and remove profits under $1 billion per socio-economic class. For this reason, the computer application industry has monopolistic competition (MSN Money, 2006).The top-selling software bon ton is contemporaryly Microsoft, with $41.4 billion in ex castrates in 2005, and is joined in the competitive arena by other top sellers such as Oracle Corp. with $12.9 billion and SAP Aktiengesellschaft with $10.4 billion. Other industry leaders in sales include CA Inc., Intuit Inc., Adobe Systems Inc., B.M.C. Software, Compuware Corp., and Novell Inc., each experiencing revenues exceeding $1 billion during 2005. Within the Developmental Tools, Operating Systems, and Utility Software subindustry, top competitors include Microsoft, International Business Machines (IBM), SAP Aktiengesellschaft, and Computer Associates International, who ranked a respective first, second, third, and twenty-five percent in application software sales (YahooFinance, 2006).The Computer Software industry is monstrously dominated by Microsoft, which commands 54% of market sales among its top ten competitors, as listed above. The following chart details the market share of these ten main players in the industry (YahooFinance, 2006)Within the legal environment, the software industry has been shaken byseveral recent regulations that are revitalizing industries within the business market of the United States. Among them are the US Patriot Act, which dictates that companies providing financial services must(prenominal) have the ability to detect the occurrence of money laundering the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, w hich mandates that companies provide real-time disclosure of events that might affect their financial performance and deep records of electronic mail and instant messages exchanged between employees (YahooFinance, 2006). Finally, antitrust laws have been an ongoing threat to the industry. Microsoft has finally reached a settlement after an ongoing antitrust fit outigation, and agreed to go away manufacturers to include competing software with Windows and uniformly license its operating g overnances (Antitrust Case Filings, 2006).New technological maturements are revitalizing the software industry. The close to recent and signifi behindt evolution includes a new set of web-friendly applications that, as of yet, has no official name. These web services canful be assembled from standardized building blocks, meaning that each bod of applications may be assembled in a variety of ways. Because of this, companies are able to develop enterprise applications to run on a wide range of software and hardware infrastructures and cater to the specific demands of their respective market segments. The companies that forget maintain market share in the up-and-coming web era are those that are able to develop products that testament be compatible on a wide range of hardware platforms.Massive consolidations have recently become property of the software industry. Largely due to acquisitions, IBMs software holdings have gr ingest a great deal. Small specialists companies face the greatest danger from large software providers such as Oracle, who recently acquired PeopleSoft and Siebel for $10.3 and $5.9 billion, respectively. If emergence slows in their subindustries, these small companies who cater to specific niches become vulnerable to large companies offering extensive suites of enterprise applications that serve a variety of functions such as the industry leaders (YahooFinance, 2006).Following suit after other mature industries such as electronics and apparel,a large form of IT and software providers have begun outsourcing much of their manufacturing and RD functions to countries outside of the United States. Software companies are now able to hire manufacturers and product developers in countries such as India, Mexico, and mainland China for much less than it would cost in the U.S. (MSN Money, 2006)The tragedy of the September 11 terrorist attacks as rise up as other post 9/11 attacks prompted some other significant trend in the software industry when the United States government cranked down on security. By restructuring their communication systems, they abrupted a door to seek software providers who began to provide new, more secure applications to governmental departments and agencies (YahooFinance, 2006)A final trend reflects the popularity of Linux and other open- character reference code operating systems. While the Linux operating system is probably the most widely known and widely used open source code, the idea of open sourc e is gaining momentum and popularity. Companies that provide their products for a nominal subscription fee and generate income based on training and support services have adopted the open source concept as a counter-intuitive business model, with which they counter the more traditional selling of products for profit model (Hill and Jones, 2005).Once online collaboration and word processing applications are generousy developed and grow in usage and popularity, the researchers predict that the software industry will see a rise in sales of those kinds of products, and possibly a decline in the sale of PC compatible product that serve the same types of functions. The reason for this is that once these tools are available, consumers will pick up that they may access and edit their documents or projects from any computer or PDA with internet access, without having to worry about being on the specific machine or machines that contain the documents they need.Currently, almost all users of open source software are computer-savvy programming professionals. In the future however, more consumers will use this type of software for business and personal use. This is forecasted by a growing number of applications developed from open source codes such as Linux, as well as increasing popularity of these programs. If this comes to pass, then Linux and other open source applications and operating systems may accumulate market share, thus depriving it from Microsoft and Oracle.Strategic EvaluationMicrosoft supports a number of values that translate into goals that the fraternity strives to attain. These goals include doing business with cartwheel and integrity to have mania for customers, partners, and technology to be open and respectful, to take on big challenges and see through them constructive self-criticism, self-improvement, and personal excellence to assistant foster growth and innovation, and to be accountable to customers, shareholders, partners, and employees for commitments, results, and quality. These goals, however, are immeasurable, intangible, and unspecific. There is no timeline for achieving them, and no way to determine whether or not they have been acheived.There are, however, more specific goals that the go with hopes to attain that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and tangible. Goals for the future include making technology available to one quarter of a billion people by 2010. Another goal is to fuse together Windows development and Web development to en preferd Windows applications (Stu, 2003).By doing this, Microsoft may be able to convince consumes to use the rich application features of Windows. Another goal is to unify the disparate Windows communications and enterprise technologies into a common and simple framework that is competitive with Java Enterprise Edition. Microsoft involve to provide an alternative to this model unless it wants to see Java retain its lock on the legion software market. This goa l is consistant with Microsofts approach of taking the lead in developing a new computing standard. (Microsoft, 2006)The mission statement of Microsoft Corporation isAt Microsoft, we work to help people and businesses throughout the worldrealize their full potential. This is our mission. Everything we do reflects this mission and the values that make it possible.- Microsoft, 2006The mission statement is clear in representing Microsoft as dedicated in providing the best products to help its customers achieve and realize their full potential. The mission statement is strong, and is very personable by saying At Microsoft, and repeating that this is Microsofts mission statement. The statement repeats itself in the third sentence, saying, everything we do reflects component everyone in the world understand his or her full potential. Using words to repeat parts of the mission statement makes it bolder to the reader.The statement is broad enough to sanction the company to expand into un familiar markets or businesses, or both. However, it is narrow enough that it focuses the company on aiding people in reaching their fullest potential. By adhering to this mission statement, employees at Microsoft look to the customers, not the shareholders, as the reason the company exists. It is clear to express that the company does not exist solely to make a profits or please shareholders. It reflects the desire of the management at Microsoft to make a difference in the world and help those who wish to success do so.Functional redirect examinationMarketing AnalysisMicrosoft focuses on the development of software, which includes products such as Office, Project, Visio, FoxPro, and more. The software packages aide in the creation of business documents, databases, and projects, as well as helps consumers manage their day-to-day lives.Microsoft has seven different product divisions Client, Server and Tools, Information Worker, Microsoft Business Solution, MSN, Mobile and Embedded D evices, and Home and Entertainment (Microsoft, 2006). The Client segment has responsibility for engineering, product delivery, and technical architecture for the Windows product family. It alike handles Microsoftsrelationships with personal computer manufacturers, including multinational and regional original equipment manufacturer accounts (SEC, 2006). Server and Tools is responsible for the server system products and all related services. These services include providing advice for requirements needed for the system to operate properly, custom solution services, and business application planning for the operating systems.Information Worker involves licensing software to several types of users such as small to large corporations, homes, and specialized categories like students. This division releases a major change in software every twain to three years. Microsoft Business Solutions deals primarily with developing and marketing offerings to manage financial, customer relationship and cut chain management functions for small and midsize businesses, large organizations and divisions of global enterprises. MSN is accountable for delivering online services that look to empower users by bringing them to the people and information that matter most. The Mobile and Embedded Devices section is responsible for the marketing and development of products that snuff it the advantages of the Windows platform to many types of devices. The Home and Entertainment segment is in charge of production, development, and marketing for the Xbox video gaming system (SEC, 2006).Another way Microsoft is continuing to carry their customer base is by establishing itself into the gaming industry. An example of this is the innovative Xbox 360 Microsoft launched during the 2005 Christmas season. Microsoft has begun to research new markets, like television, with the rising success of the Xbox 360 and the changing demographics. Microsoft realizes that demographics are changing to a young er generation and efforts must be made to accommodate their needfully as well. (Wikipedia, 2006)In the past, Microsofts target market has been men of the ages of eighteen through thirty-four. The company is currently expanding the market it targets by experimenting with dickens methods of reaching the seventeen and younger age group. The first is through the gaming industry, with the release of the Xbox gaming system. The company is in any case developing a television show to reach this age group (Goo, 2006). Another strategy Microsoft is pursuing involves meeting its global clientele where they arein terms of their economic and financial needs (Evers, 2006). These changes in strategy and products reflect Microsofts goal of expanding its target market. While there is risk involved with these changes, there is also the potential for returns above a normal profit.Another way Microsoft is continuing to broaden their customer base is by establishing itself into the gaming industry. A n example of this is the innovative Xbox 360 Microsoft launched during the 2005 Christmas season. Microsoft has begun to explore new markets, like television, with the rising success of the Xbox 360 and the changing demographics. Microsoft realizes that demographics are changing to a younger generation and efforts must be made to accommodate their needs as well. (Wikipedia, 2006)Microsoft has established a presence in the international market. The headquarters, including most of the research and development centers, is located in Redmond, Washington. The company has several manufacturing facilities to meet supply needs on a global scale. These facilities are located in various places such as Dublin, Ireland, Humacao, Puerto Rico, Reno, Nevada and Singapore just to name a a couple of(prenominal) locations. Microsoft currently employees 40,081 in North America and 63,564 world-wide to help them meet growing demand for their products (Microsoft, 2006).Microsoft uses a wide variety of media to influence the demand of their products. Traditional types of advertizement are used for global campaigns including television, print, and Internet (Microsoft.com, 2006). The company uses computer magazines to compare companies or products such as the case of Linux versus Microsoft. Microsofts goal is to reach a certain target market. In addition, Microsoft is implementing a new advertising campaign using the Internet in competition with Yahoo and Google. In the campaign, customers will be asked to binge out a survey from there the data will be used to display personal ads of interest to the consumer. If a consumer chooses not to fill out the survey the company will provide them with general ads that are generated from the search. The goal in the long-run is to learn the customers want and needs for future purchases (Oser, 2006).The manufacturing function for most of Microsofts products is outsourced. A vendor supplies the parts needed to assemble the Xbox gaming system. T his outsourcing strategy can be a drawback on two counts. Firstly, Microsoft relinquishes some control of the set of this product because it cannot control the manufacturing cost. Secondly, there is a threat of the manufacturer leaking product knowl leap to Microsofts competitors. At the same time however, Microsoft has no legal obligation to the manufacturer, and can manufacture these products internally. Microsoft employs several vendors to supply parts that Microsoft manufactures. These components are purchased at a discount rate, and Microsoft keeps excess inventory in tired in case of shortages (Microsoft, 2006).The company has decided to do an 18 month campaign to advertise the differences between Microsoft and Linux giving the benefits of using our products. Some advantages to Microsofts products include being user-friendly software and applications, as well as having a strong reputation in that area. Therefore, the cost would be greater to retrained employee how to use Lin ux software in the business industry for server application use.In dealing with more recent security issues, Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) has a code-flaw in the browser that makes it vulnerable to hackers. This flaw can forego hackers to infect a system with various code-scripts, which puts the system under attack. To have security issues associated with the companys name can produce a bad reputation. Microsofts goals are to have compassion for customers, for partners, and technology. The company wants to train and make technology available to a quarter of the billion people in the world by 2010. In addition, Microsoft shows passion towards customers by offering specialized advertisements to expose the varied selection of products to the consumer. Another goal is to exhibit openness and respectfulness, which will gain a huge metre of respect from the consumer.This is achieved by receiving feedback from our employees, government agencies, and community leaders which will lead t o improve Microsofts business. Microsoft is staying on task of taking on large challenges by endeavoring to change their demographics of customers. In addition, thecompany takes constructive criticism, and uses this as a way to improve criticism in forms of comments and suggestions. Microsoft will accomplish this task through research and development and feedback. Other goals are to give personal excellence, and have accountability to customers, shareholders, partners, and employees for commitments, results, and quality. These achievable tasks would help Microsoft stay in the business for years to come (Microsoft, 2006).Production AnalysisMicrosoft alters its products to me needs of its global customers. The company translates the text and changes the appearance of its applications to make them understandable in that language. This is one reason Microsoft has a reputation for being developing user-friendly applications for its consumers. Other tasks the company is involved with incl ude processing orders, payment options, processing needed information, and supplier management (Microsoft.com, 2006). These tasks are essential to maintaining good relations with Microsofts customers and suppliers. In addition, these tasks make it possible to make necessary changes when there are problems in distribution or manufacturing of Microsofts software.Microsoft outsources all of its manufacturing function except for a few, including the assemblage of the Xbox 360. A vendor supplies the needed parts for this product. This action can be a drawback because it limits Microsoft in its ability to control pricing aspects of this product. There is also the threat that suppliers will share the knowledge of this product with Microsofts competitors. Although this is a threat, Microsoft is under the no legal obligation to continue working with that supplier. Several vendors supply parts for all other products Microsoft assembles. Components for these products are purchased at a discoun t. Microsoft keeps an inventory of spare parts on hand if needed (Microsoft, 2006).Management AnalysisBill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft in 1975, and in a few years, theyexpanded to Bellevue, Washington from Albuquerque, New Mexico. From there, Microsoft began creating and developing new and revolutionary technology. In 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer with Microsofts 16-bit operating system, MS-DOS 1.0 (Microsoft, 2006). Because of its quality, this operating system became popular. Microsofts stock went public. Over the next twenty years, Microsoft created more technical and versatile operating systems such as Windows 95, 98, and the current Windows XP.This success has lead to worldwide expansion creating thousands of jobs. Microsoft is the worlds largest software company with over 50,000 employees in various countries as of May 2004 (Microsoft, 2006). Microsoft has become a needed portion of the personal computing market in which many PC retailers have sold the ir machines pre-equipped with Microsofts software.Because of its large and corporeal business, Microsoft was found to be a monopoly among computer software and because of this, Microsoft has experience financial success. In 1998, a lawsuit found that Microsoft was using its monopoly power to defeat its competitors (Reference.com, 2006). Microsoft appealed and showed how changing their companys operations would bring the financial success down increasingly.A board of directors, who play a major role in decision-making and many fundamentals of the company, run Microsoft. The Chief Executive Officer is Steven Ballmer who joined with Microsoft in 1980 and was the first business manager employ by Bill Gates (Microsoft, 2006). In 1998, Ballmer was ap apexed President and this gave him full responsibility for running the corporation. 2 years later, he became CEO (in 2000) and this gave him full privilege over all the managers and staff of Microsoft.Following Ballmer is James I. Cash, Jr, Dina Dublon, Bill Gates, Raymond V. Gilmartin, Ann McLaughlin Korologos, David F. Margaurdt, Charles H. Noski, Helmut Panke and Jon A. Shirley. A lot of talent and skill is required to work in any opinion at Microsoft. They seek out motivated individuals who are experienced in communications and leadership. The purpose for finding such trained individuals is to lower training costs of the company.The Corporate Operations is Microsofts backbone, constructing, managing, and running the various services that support the companys 50,000 employees (Microsoft, 2006). This statement shows that Microsoft is dependent on two sections of their management staff the corporate and administrative services. These departments are responsible for management, public relations, providing company-wide administrative support, building new office space, and other tasks.Financial AnalysisMicrosoft Corporation has achieved excellence in since 1975 in the application software industry. They finished the 2 005 financial year with a market capitalization of $288.20 billion, doubling the closest competitor, IBM which came in second in market capitalization with $131.00 billion, and an industry amount of a low $136.51 million (Hoovers, 2006).Microsoft Corporation has been enjoying a steady growth in revenue over the past three monetary years. This has been achieved with the growing popularity of PC use in the world over this time period. Microsofts preliminary estimates showed a growth of worldwide PC shipments from 11% to 13%, and total server hardware shipments grew approximately 13% to 14% during the 2005 monetary year compared to fiscal year 2004 (Yahoo Finance). This has caused a growth in revenue of 8% from $36,835 million to $39,788 million from fiscal year 2004 to 2005 (U.S. SEC).This revenue growth was driven by growth in licensing of Windows Server operating systems and other server application, licensing of Windows Client operating systems through OEMs, and change magnitu de licensing of Office and other Information Worker products (Yahoo Finance). The 2004 fiscal year ended with an overall growth of $4,648 billion from the previous fiscal year 2003, an affix of over 12%. Over the past five years, Microsoft Corporation has generated revenue of over $162 billion. This is an increase of 73% and about $75 billion of this is derived from net bullion blend from operations. Shareholders received a return of $69 billion of this revenue in dividends and stock repurchases. With the launching of the Xbox 360, Windows Vista, and newer versions of existing software in 2006 fiscal year, Microsoft expects to have an represent or largerincrease of the past five years in the next five years (Microsoft, 2006).Net income for the fiscal year 2005 was $12,254 which is an increase of $4,086 million from the 2004 fiscal year. This is due to small decreases in operating expenses from the previous year with emphasis on research and development, a decrease of over $1.5 b illion. Although decreasing in fiscal year 2005, a large jump in expenses occurred from fiscal year 2003 to 2004. Microsoft change magnitude their total operating expenses by $5,159 million to $27,801 million in fiscal year 2004. Although decreasing expenses worked for the fiscal year 2005, decreases in research and development in the future might cause the industry to get the edge on Microsoft and revenues decrease (Microsoft, 2006).Operating income has also increased substantially during these two fiscal years with a total increase of 61%. Although it had a 5% decline from fiscal year 2003 to fiscal year 2004, operating income jumped from a marginal $9,034 million in 2004 to an excellent $14,561 million in fiscal year ending 2005 (U.S. SEC). According to Yahoo Finance, the operating income increase for fiscal year 2005 was driven by a decline in stock-based compensation expense increased revenue in Server and Tools, Client, and Information Worker and a reduction in legal costs as sociated with major litigation.Some key ratios will point out Microsofts position in accordance to the industry. Holding a total debt to equity ratio of 0.00, compared to 0.03 of the industry, Microsoft has showed that they have successfully controlled their assets without any debt, dating back as far as fiscal year 1996. The total debt to total asset ratio also confirms these successes with a low 0.33. This has a great statistic from an investor or shareholders eyeball because there is potential for a high payout. Microsoft has a current ratio of 2.8, compared to the industries middling of 2.3.This shows us that Microsoft can pay off any debt that may occur, and can continue operating with notes left over. The quick ratio is currently at 2.5 with an industry average of 2.1. Because this number is so close in simile with the current ratio, this tells us that Microsoft is not dependent on their inventory. These three financial ratios show us that Microsoft Corporationis achieving excellence in comparison to the industry (MSN, 2006). two the gross profit margin and the net profit margin percentages will show us the financial health of the company. Microsoft Corporations net profit margin is over 7% higher that the industries average, at 30.8% compared to 23.5%. This tells us that 31.6% of the companys revenue can be kept as profit. Fiscal year 2005 is an increase of 8.6% from fiscal year 2004 and a small decrease of 0.2% from fiscal year 2003. Their gross profit margin is 87.3%, compared to 82.6% of the industries average. Although the industries average of these two ratios is healthy as well, Microsoft still holds better percentages (MSN, 2006).The companys price ratios will show some different trends in comparison to the industry from the other ratios presented. Although the earnings per share (EPS) are currently much higher than the industry average and the previous year, it is lower than some of the direct competitors. The EPS in the fiscal year 2005 was 1.13, which is considerably higher than the industries average of 0.15. This is not a bad ratio if you own share in the company, but two of the closest competitors is producing a much higher rate Googles EPS is at 5.021 and IBMs is at 4.875.Although this might turn some investors away, total have been improving over the past three years. Fiscal year 2003 had an EPS of only $0.70 but increased to $0.76 in fiscal year 2004. The large increase came in fiscal year 2005 when EPS increased almost $0.40 to $1.13. With the latest innovations Microsoft has developed, these numbers will increase as investors see the future of Microsoft. Microsoft price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is more attractive than EPS with a ratio of 22.9. Although conservative investors may feel this number is too high, this ratio is much better than the industry average of 27.3 which might influence these investors to invest in Microsoft instead of the direct competitors (MSN, 2006).Management effectiveness ratios like return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) will show us how well the management at Microsoft Corporation is doing. With an ROA of 19.4%, over 5% higher than the industry average of 13.9%, Microsoft is very profitable in relation to the total assets of thecompany. This is a substantial increase from 8.8% and 12.6% in fiscal year 2004 and 2003 respectively. The profit per dollar, or ROE of Microsoft, is 29.5%. This is close to 7% higher than the industry average of 22.6% and 18.6% than fiscal year 2004. This shows that Microsoft Corporation is achieving a higher profit from their investors per dollar in comparison to the industries. Although there was a large increase from fiscal year 2004 to 2005, a decrease of 5.5% occurred between fiscal year 2003 and 2004 (MSN, 2006).The efficiency of the company is struggling in comparison to the industry in one way, inventory dollar volume rate. The inventory turnover is currently much lower than the industries. With a low 8.1 compared to 28.4 of the industry average, Microsofts inventory turnover might indicate poor sales. Both Microsoft and the industry average of asset turnover are 0.6, indicating that 0.6 of every dollar is revenue. Microsoft is doing a better job than the industry in comparing the accounts receivable turnover, but not a significant amount. The accounts receivable turnover is at 5.7 with an industry average of 5.2. Both Microsoft and the industry are collecting payments from its customers in a timely manner. They are, however, significantly behind SP 500 which has an accounts receivable turnover ratio of 7.5 (MSN, 2006).A thorough research of notes flows will show the company heading in the right direction. Net operating, investing, and financing cash flows all increased from the fiscal year 2004 to 2005. Fiscal year 2005 showed an increase of 14% to $16.61 billion in cash flow from operations. This is derived from an increase in cash pass from customers driven by the 8% revenue growth of t he company. Cash payments decreased by approximately $1.8 billion from the previous year from binding legal settlements. These factors play the major role in the increase of operating cash flow. Keeping operating cash flows down was payments to the 7% increase in full-time employees added during the fiscal year 2005. This is a great recovery from fiscal year 2004 considering operating cash flow dropped by $1.17 billion from fiscal year 2003. Over two billion of this was from the Sun Microsystems settlement and the European Commission fine.The small offsetting gain is from increases cash receiptsfrom customers. Net financing cash flow showed a large increase from $2.36 billion in fiscal year 2004 to $41.08 billion in fiscal year 2005. This increase is driven by an additional $34.38 billion of cash dividends paid, and an additional $4.67 billion in cash used for common stock repurchases in fiscal year 2005 from fiscal year 2004. Net financing cash flow did have a substantial decrease from fiscal year 2003 to 2004 of almost $3 billion.However, this decrease is due the company not repurchasing common stock in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2004 and an increase of $628 million from stock issuances of employee stock option exercises. An increase of $872 million in cash dividends during this fiscal year offset the numbers provided. Net investing cash flow for fiscal year 2005 was $15.03 billion, an increase of $18.37 billion from the previous year. Investment maturities that occurred to fund cash dividends paid increased by $23.59 billion in fiscal year 2005. Offsetting this figure was the decrease of $5.32 billion in cash from sale activity and investment purchases. Cash used for investing was $3.34 billion in fiscal year 2004, a decrease of $3.88 billion from fiscal year 2003 (Microsoft, 2006).Model AnalysisThe capital of Massachusetts Consulting Group Matrix is a representation of the status of Microsoft in the current market. There are four different categori es that fall under the matrix, Stars, Cash Cows, interrogatory Marks and Dogs. The highest category and most self-efficient is the Stars with very high growth and high share. Next in the matrix Cash Cows, which are low in growth and high in shares. The third category in the matrix is the Question Marks which are high in growth and low in shares. stand firm are the Dogs which are very low in both growth and shares. Microsoft would be placed in the Stars category simply because the company is constantly growing and is very self-sustaining.Strategic Alternatives1. Develop a Microsoft version of open source software by exploiting Microsofts distinctive competency for developing software. This will giveMicrosoft an edge in the open market by allowing it to effectively compete with current alternatives to Microsoft products, such as Linux, Sun Systems, and other open source/free software products. This alternative will give Microsoft the opportunity to increase its revenues by offering support services and training for these products.2. Acquire Red Hat Inc. or other successful Linux provider. By combining the rising popularity of the open source concept with the ongoing success of Microsofts application software, the image of Microsoft will improve and launch the company into the increasingly popular open source market.3. Improve current product line. Increase research and development spending to improve the dependability and security of current products. Then, implement an advertising campaign through several mediums to stress the superior quality of Microsofts products.

Native Americans in the United States and African Americans Essay Example for Free

subjective Americans in the United States and African Americans EssayIntroduction Joel Springs Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality examines the rearingal policies in the United States that have resulted in intentional patterns of oppression by Protestant, European Americans against racial and ethnic assemblages. The historical context of the European American oppressor is helpful in understanding how the dominant group has manipulated the nonage groups. These minority groups let in Americans who are inbred, African, Latin/Hispanic, and Asian.Techniques for deculturalization were applied in attempts to erase the oppressed groups previous identities and to assimilate them into monastic order at a level where they could be of use to the oppressors. Techniques include isolation from family, flipment of language, denial of teaching, inclusion of dominant group world view, and provision of modest teachers and poor facilities. Relationships between educational poli cy and instances of racism and patterns of oppression are explored in the following.A section will also compare my prior education to the unrivaled presented in Springs take for. Formatting Understanding how European Americans have been able to perceive themselves as superior in psychological, spiritual, racial, and cultural ground is integral to seeing how cultural genocide has occurred in the United States. The basic program is taken from the Roman Imperium which delegates the authority to civilize others by erasing their laws and nuance and simultaneously or subsequently installing new laws and mores from the dominant group into the minority group.This plan has been applied by U. S. educators and politicians in an attempt to carry out a perceived upgrade from an inferior cultural program to the superior Anglo-Saxon mixed with Protestantism point of view. This civilized versus uncivilized and Christian versus Pagan viewpoints reveal themselves throughout the business relation ship of U. S. education. Native Americans In the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, Native Americans were granted citizenship by the descendants of European immigrants who invaded their territory over 400 years ago.In the years before and after 1924, Native Americans have experienced cultural genocide, deculturalization, and denial of education (Spring, 2010, pp. 8-9). For example, the Naturalization Act of 1790 excluded Native Americans from citizenship, thus preventing them from having a political voice in their rapidly changing world. In 1867, the Indian Peace Commission made 2 requirements for U. S. citizenship 1) rejection of native religions and 2) acceptance of middle-class American Christianity. The bases of a philosophy that uses superiority and inferiority include racial, linguistic and cultural differences.For European American educators, the civilizing of Native Americans include the installing of a work ethic, the creation of proclivity to accumulate property the repressi on of pleasure, particularly sexual pleasure the establishment of a nuclear family structure with the father in control the implementation of authoritarian child-rearing practices and passage to Christianity (p. 14). The U. S. governments program of Native American deculturalization was developed in part because it was less costly than fighting and killing them.Thomas Jeffersons finish program called for government agents to establish schools to teach women to spin and sew and men farming and husbandry (p. 18). readingal policies such as this set the stage for get land and avoiding costly wars. In 1830, the Indian Removal Act authorized the President to set aside lands west of the Mississippi for exchange of Indian background east of the Mississippi (p. 28). Cultural-ecological theory puts Native Americans in the category of involuntary minorities. They were conquered and forced into European American customs and beliefs.Replacing the use of native languages with slope, destro ying Indian customs and teaching allegiance to the U. S. government became major educational policies of the U. S. government toward Indians in the latter part of the 19th century. An important part of these educational policies was the embarkation school designed to remove children from their families at an early age and thereby isolate them from the language and customs of their parents and tribes (p. 32). The Carlisle Indian School in Carlisle, PA became the basic boarding school for Native American children in 1879.Here deculturalization methods were employed. From this methodology and perspective, the patronizing term cultural deprivation has come to imply that a group is without civilization altogether (Nieto and Bode, 2008, p. 176). One of the perceived deficiencies of Native Americans was their propensity to share which caused the European Americans to label them as socialists which was anathema to the dominant groups philosophy. Richard Pratt, the stop of the Carlisle S chool, sought to instill individualism and ego responsibility in order to break Indians from a socialist style of sharing. both boarding and reservation schools taught in English with exceptions including some Choctaw and Cherokee schools that utilized bilingual education. In 1928, the Meriam Report reversed the philosophy that isolation of children was required. The new view was that education should occur in ones family and community. Several decades later, from 1968 to 1990, a number of legislative acts addressed the mistakes of deculturalization. It was not until 1974 that Indian students were granted freedom of religion and culture by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Later, in 1978, Congress granted all Native Americans religious freedom.The Native American Languages Act of 1990 commits the U. S. government to reverse its historic limit which was to erase and switch over Native American culture. notwithstanding, the No Child left-hand(a) Behind Act of 2001 reverses attempts t o preserve usage of minority languages (Spring, 2010, p. 135). The destruction of cultural self determination for Native American Indians is saddening. By breaking their connection to their native culture through reeducation camps, European Americans justified a world view that saw color of flake off and dogma as beacons of superiority. African Americans.Historically, Africans have been involuntary immigrants who were brought to the U. S. to be slaves. They have faced numerous forms of educational oppression based upon perceived racial differences. For example, from 1800 to 1835, education of enslaved Africans was banned. Spring notes that plantation sustainers were in constant fear of slave revolts and consequently denied their workers any form of education (p. 43). Furthermore, because of the need for children as farm laborers, planters resisted most attempts to lose ones temper educational opportunities for black children (p. 57).Schools for African Americans were underfunded after the Civil War (Nieto and Bode, 2008, p. 44). Segregation of blacks and whites was the order of the day for most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This resulted in a racial divide, unequal school funding, and inferior facilities. An exception to segregated schooling occurred in 1855 in Massachusetts when it became a requirement to integrate schools. In 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment included a clause that appeared to disallow separatism. However this clause has been used to implement segregation in schools also.African Americans from northern states helped those in the transition from slavery to freedom. However there was a division between the philosophies of Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois. Washington negotiated for segregated schools while Du Bois, in 1909, formed the National Association of Colored commonwealth (NAACP) which worked for desegregation (Spring, 2010, p. 52). Washington established the Tuskegee Institute in 1881 after attending the Hampton I nstitute which was founded by General Samuel Armstrong. The Hampton Institute was an educational posture designed to glide by blacks subordinate.The primary purpose of the Tuskegee Institute was to prepare freed slaves to be teachers who could instill work values in other freed slaves (p. 33). The Tuskegee Institute received support from Industrialist Andrew Carnegie who saw the apartheid model in South Africa as a format for educating black southerners. Conversely, Du Bois and the NAACP fought against the status quo of a permanent African American underclass in education and the frugality (p. 62). It was not until 1954 that the Supreme apostrophize ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education.The court ruled that separate but equal has no place in education. The separate but equal legislation was from the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Title 6 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, established the precedent for using expenditure of go vernment money as a means of commanding educational policies (p. 117). Additionally, much credit is given to Martin Luther King Jr. for helping move antecedent civil unspoileds legislation of 1964. The Voting Rights Act and the Civil Rights Act, in the 1950s and 1960s respectively, gave African Americans political equality as well as the right to vote.African Americans have made significant gains in the past one hundred years however, the pace of change has been painfully slow. The election of a part African American President is a strong indication that we as a country have come a long way. Hispanic/Latino Americans afterward the conquest of Mexican and Puerto Rican lands, the U. S. government instituted deculturalization programs to ensure that these new populations would not rise up against their new government (p. 84). As with other groups, the Naturalization Act of 1790 close up them from attaining citizenship because they were not white.Despite the Treaty of Guadalupe Hi dalgo 1948, Mexican Americans were not given actual citizenship. Citizenship rights were abridged throughout the Southwest through limitations placed on voting rights and segregation in public accommodations and schooling (p. 89). Moreover, in galore(postnominal) instances, U. S. farmers did not want the children of Mexicans to go to school, because they wanted them to work longer hours. Mexican students were forced to speak English in schools. In the last half of the nineteenth century, Mexican Americans tried to escape the anti-Mexican attitudes by attending Catholic schools.Here linguistic diversity was respected. Puerto anti-racketeering law became a colony of the United States in 1898. Again, as with Native American Indians, government policy concluded that it was less costly to instill and replace culture in Puerto Rican schools than it was to employ force with the military. Teachers who merely spoke English came from the U. S. to teach students who mainly spoke Spanish. U. S. educational policy in Puerto Rico attempted to replace Spanish with English as the majority language and to introduce children to the dominant U. S. culture (p. 100). Examples of deculturalization methods included U.S. flag ceremonies and studies focusing on the traditions of the dominant white culture of the United States. In 1912, the Puerto Rican Teachers Association resisted the educational policies of the U. S. and defended the use of Spanish in school. Ones native language is the foundation for future learning (Nieto and Bode, 2008, p. 235). In 1951, after 50 years of struggle, Puerto Rico became a commonwealth. Subsequently, Spanish was once again used in the schools without the dogma of English only laws. Additionally, in 1968, the bilingual Education Act was passed.It was not until 1974 that the Equal Educational Opportunities Act gave protection to the language rights of students for whom English is not their native language (p. 243). Presently, there are some(prenomin al) voluntary immigrants from Latin America. These students are often faced with an assimilation policy which is aimed at Americanizing them. Frequently hybridity is the order of the day for these students. Only blind arrogance could appoint a dominant group believe that they could go to an island of Spanish-speaking people and teach them a new culture in a new language.As with other groups, the denial of schooling or segregation was maintained in order to continue subordinating the minority. Asian Americans Asian Americans, many of whom were voluntary immigrants, include persons from China, Philippines, Japan, Korea, India, Viet Nam, Laos, Thailand and other counties. The combination of racism and economic exploitation resulted in educational policies designed to deny Asians schooling or to provide segregated schools (Spring, 2010, p. 68).In 1872 the atomic number 20 school code provided no public education for Asian Americans while in 1906, the San Francisco School Board created segregated schools for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students. Finally, in 1974, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Chinese American parents in Lau v. Nichols. The decision required public schools to provide special assistance to non-English-speaking students to learn English so that they could equally participate in the educational process (p. 124). Each group of minority Americans has pushed for improvements in the educational system.By persevering, they have been able to move toward a more equitable educational system. However, there is still the dominant European American paradigm in place. As the percentage of minority Americans rises in the overture decades, I believe we will see a movement toward a more multicultural paradigm. Personal Comparisons My early education took place in an environment of white teachers and students. The furthest my exposure to different cultures went was going to school and growing up with my Catholic and Jewish neighbors.My elementary school an d middle school were 100% white and my high school had 2 Hispanic students. For me, this was normal I knew little of other cultures. When I reflect on my American History and loving Studies classes, I recall a sanitized story presented with many stories about honorable white men. Although I finished my high school education in 1977, I do not believe that Martin Luther King Jr. or Civil Rights was mentioned once. Moreover, a great deal of social upheaval obviously was occurring however, the only topic related to the turmoil of the era that made it to my awareness was the war in Viet Nam.After high school, I attended a small unavowed college in Pennsylvania where approximately 30 African Americans and 10 Hispanic students attended. I was acquainted with one of the Hispanic students who had a poster of Che Guevara in his room. All of my professors were apparently European Americans and I continued to study mostly dominant culture stories. Recognizing my own lack of personal direction , I dropped out of school and entered into my own version of home schooling. I purchased a bus ticket for Tucson, Arizona however, I first stopped in Washington D.C. to visit my Aunt. She took me to a book store where I bought some philosophy books. I explored different philosophies and literature. I travelled, worked, read and explored my values and beliefs. I returned to my home town, Lancaster, PA, and decided to return to formal University manner at Millersville State University. From 1984-1987, I again had European American professors. In 1991, I reentered Millersville University to take some down courses. I looked into getting a graduate assistantship and found an opening in a program called Upward Bound.I interviewed with the director, whom I knew from earlier years, and with a Filipino and African American student. I got the position and subsequently was working in a multicultural enterprise. I prepared lessons for high school children from multiple ethnic groups. The reas on Springs history of minority Americans was not part of my education was because I was raised in a racially homogenous region. I think that I could have driven east 20 miles, south 15 miles or north 5 miles and everybody would have been white. Going west 2 miles would take me into the middle of Lancaster city where many African Americans and Puerto Rican Americans live.However, I lived a provincial life and did not interact much with people from other cultures in my youth. Furthermore, it was standard policy at that duration to teach from a Eurocentric point of views. The effect on White Americans of an Anglocentric and Eurocentric perspective, which does not include minority Americans, is an incomplete and inaccurate understanding of self and world. The effects on minority Americans also leads to an incomplete and inaccurate understanding of self and world include, as well as increased dropout rates and vindication to education.Additionally, cultural discontinuities may contrib ute to negative academic outcomes (Nieto and Bode, 2008, pp 181-182). Another effect on minority Americans is clearly a net feeling of not organism included in the past and possibly being excluded from present and future events. Exclusions result is well described in Ralph Ellisons camouflaged Man. In this book, the narrator is unable to be seen or recognized because he is black. From Springs book I learned about the many minority groups that were mistreated and intentionally harmed at personal and cultural levels.Furthermore, I was ignorant about the attempts at deculturalization of Puerto Ricans. Additionally, I knew little about the detailed history of denying education to Asian and Mexican Americans. While I knew about reeducation and denial of education of Native and African Americans, I did not know the extent to which political, economic, and social forces have to prevent these groups from experiencing their historical culture or from participating in the dominant, European American culture. Conclusion European Americans have quashed cultures in the United States through education.Native American, African, Hispanic, and Asian minorities have witnessed a persistent attack on their beliefs, values, and languages by those who either 1) thought that they were better or 2) wanted to deprive others of their pursuit of blessedness in order to support economic and political position. Consistent deculturalization efforts were made toward Native Americans by government agents establishing schools for Native Americans and by boarding schools. By controlling the content and context in which education took place, U. S. educators suffocated Native American Culture and resuscitated it with the European mores.The multiple cultures of Americans from African descent were hollowed through denial of education, tangible intimidation, segregation, and inferior facilities. Persistent attempts to correct the status quo by the NAACP, Martin Luther King Jr. , and several oth er organizations and individuals have moved the U. S. government to redress some inequities in the educational system. Mexican Americans were also placed in English-only schools or no school at all.During the twentieth century, Puerto Rican students faced the same threats of deculturalization as did Asian Americans in nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Legislation in the latter part of the twentieth century has also redressed some inequities in educational opportunities for these groups while, the No Child Left Behind Act has reduced some of the multicultural gains in education which disappoints many in the teaching profession. References Nieto, Sonia and Bode, Patty (2008). Affirming diversity The sociopolitical context of multicultural education. Boston. Pearson Education Inc. Spring, Joel (2010). Deculturalization and the struggle for equality. New York. McGraw-Hill.